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richardmurray

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  1. richardmurray
    MY CREATIVE TABLE
    Perihelion 2025 , 2024 work list , art vs artist 2024 , Poetic Critique of Luthien and Beren by jjwinters , critmas 2024 , secret santa 2024, Book Review: Freedom at Dawn: Robert Smalls’s Voyage Out of Slavery ,  Story Pitch contest 2025 , synthographers conversations 2024 , Black Romantic Compulsory Figures , Flash Fiction February 2025 , Candace Sulcus of the Sanawoc series , Aeolian Heart Harp,  Around The First Flail , The Fulgurantess , The Vernal Rose , Ume to Sakura ,  Cotton Candy Cloud Rabbit , Sudoo, The Great Original Character Snowfight , Vibration 58 , The Echo Of Tanit's Cries , ?
    THE BLACK TABLE
    the representatives of the people , afrofuturism from tananarive due + steven barnes , Cicely Tyson in the Blue Bird,  Miss Black America, Avery Brooks saving Sisqo , Miss Evers Boys from Movies That Move We,  The Demise of DEI , Juneteenth in december 18th- the 13th amendment , New York Amends 13th amendment , 13th amendment proposed  , Black Twitter is , Nina Simone, Madamoiselle Hazel Scott , Roberta Flack , Hazel Roberta Nina , stephanie mills, separation 101, is tribalism natural, ?
    AALBC TABLE
    Perihelion 2025 how , Jack the Ripper from Lucy Worsley , AALBC end, William the Conqueror from Lucy Worsley , Gunpowder plot from Lucy Worsley , World War Speed , Tiktok and Fanbase , Spoils of war government , Lord Dunham's Review, King Arthur Truth , Nelly Fuller jr spirit flew , sport betting , Padiamenope, Wildheart , estimations of change, First People of Americas Land Theft, riker's island, kwl xio axelrod,  ENIAC , wilhelm beer selene cartographer, patrick henry, big bird , steve mcqueen, michelangelo, greenland  ,  new voices 2025,  ?
    ARTISTS LIST
      GEMGFX , GDBEE , Deidre Smith Buck , Shawn Alleyne, RaySeb , Coco Michelle , chriss choreo, yeahbouyee , Collective poem side dee miller- in comments , clarence bateman , Ronald Reed, K-Hermann, El Carna , djdonttouchthetrim, Kiratheartist, briana lawrence  , odie1049, Nettrice Gaskins, Dada Koita ,  Paul Lewin,  Lisa Tillman Pritchard, Chevelin Pierre,   , Zak Anderson, seye sanyaolu,  Dualmask , Handzee , ? 
     
    Economic Corner 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6, 7 , 8 , 9 , 10, 11 , 12, 13 , 14 , 15 , 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, ?
     
    Response and Article series : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ,  ? 
     
    Richard Murray Creative Table 4  https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/449-richard-murray-creative-table-4/
     
    Richard Murray Creative Table 3 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/345-richard-murray-creative-table-3/
     
    Richard Murray Creative Table 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/281-richard-murray-creative-table-2/
     
    Richard Murray Creative Table 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/194-richard-murray-creative-table/
     
    My Newsletter
    3rd version https://rmnewsletter.substack.com/
    2nd version https://rmnewsletter.over-blog.com/

  2. richardmurray

    My Pledge Drive

    By richardmurray,


    groupproject
    These are the members I have guided into this website, an eternal pledge drive
     
    https://aalbc.com/tc/profile/9365-sabine-ziya/ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRUL_JY2-Oj3tVRtnPUugvg
    https://aalbc.com/tc/profile/9251-maame-dede/ https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=53502809&ref=br_rs
    https://aalbc.com/tc/profile/9366-rosa/ http://melaninmoney.tumblr.com/
    https://aalbc.com/tc/profile/9384-uniquelymade7/ https://www.facebook.com/uniquesolidfoundation
    https://aalbc.com/tc/profile/9407-angel-alita/ https://www.facebook.com/AngelAlita77
     
  3. richardmurray

    SanaTambo is here!

    By richardmurray,


    creatve list
    ADINKRA EXAMPLE 2/21/2019
     
    Link to example in comments: https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/215-sanatambo-is-here/?do=findComment&comment=504
    Kobo complete version: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/sanatambo-adinkra
     
    ORIGINAL POST 3/25/2018
    Good day all, 
    I wanted to accomplish a few things early two thousand and eighteen: make a video game utilizing some sort of Black cultural reference, sell it on a platform; I achieved it. SanaTambo which mean art puzzle is here; it is a rendition to nonograms, more commonly known in the usa as picross; the images one can create are versions to Adinkra from Ghana. To access it, you must use the Kobo App. If you want to test out whether you can utilize it, you can use the first entry in the SanaTambo series, which is free. 
    https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/sanatambo-adinkra 
     
    The process itself was very interesting. I will share that in my emailing list. If you want to join my email list, you can comment on here as a member or guest and we will connect.
     
    SanaTambo Versions
     
    English  
    https://www.kobo.com/pt/pt/ebook/sanatambo-adinkra-1
    Français
    https://www.kobo.com/fr/fr/ebook/sanatambo-adinkra-3
    Português
    https://www.kobo.com/pt/pt/ebook/sanatambo-adinkra-1
    日本語
    https://www.kobo.com/ja/ja/ebook/NNxdRbPVXT-g8GicV2IVSw 
    中文 
    https://www.kobo.com/zh/zh/ebook/sanatambo-adinkra-2 
     
     
    SanaTambo Example 
     
    I have created a system that allow me to make puzzles in the style to picross/nonogram/SanaTambo . But I need to check how the system will operate in varying scenarios. I made an example epub to see. In my emailing list I asked folk to check it out but I ask as much in the AALBC community as well. Whatever your experience please share it publicly in comment, guest comments are allowed, or in private, or ,<if you are in my emailing list> an email. If you want to join my emailing list, please ask me and I will add you after a short correspondence.
     
    The Example is linked below , it is a free ebook 
    https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/sanatambo-example
  4. richardmurray

    Masterclass 2020

    By richardmurray,


    creatve list
    The essence of day 1 was making a game that was a non zero sum base. I placed in the audiobook my audio thoughts. If you want a complete reference, the ebook has the audio as well as the transcript and the game. The Game link below is where you can see my gaming example. In a non zero-sum game, winning or losing is not the goal. In the game I made, the goal is to keep playing it, thus you do not want it to end, you are in control of both sides, like when one plays chess by themselves but unlike the chess scenario the goal is to never have either side win, it is to keep going. In my head, I had an idea of jason and the argonauts, if you know that film from ray harryhausen.
    Question, what problem does the game have? I will not tell
    Oh, penultimately, what is the game imaged on the cover of the audiobook/ebook or this blog?
    And lastly, I love to quiz, where does Houyhnhnm come from?
    Audiobook : https://www.kobo.com/us/en/audiobook/gameclass-audio-i
    EBook : https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/gameclass-i
    Game: https://houyhnhnm.github.io/Gameclass/game1.html
     
    Introduction , Day 1 (Above)
  5. richardmurray

    BLACK SIGIL LIST

    By richardmurray,


    creatve list
    In modernity many Black people speak to finding roots or gaining reparations or many other thing offline that require a collective power that does not exist or an individual power that does not exist. I am not suggesting said power will not become to a black group or black individual offline. But, I am certain it is easier for a black collective or individual task online to be successful. To that end, I cognize a nice way to show who black people are today, that can have value tomorrow , collectively or individually, is through individual sigils. The data storage for the sigils will be linked at the postend to this article. The comments to this post will be links to each sigil made, which is composed of the graphic, name, and url to main place online.
     
    https://photos.app.goo.gl/HXbBwMv3DtSogJnh7
  6. richardmurray
    Title:Harlem - June to November 2015
    I am a child to Earth
    living side my peer, in a concentration
    in a night, I see...
    not from the Sun, many moon, shining
    ... many voice yell in the sky
    no horn or four horseman ride
    remind, a faint glimpse to a god
    kicking a free moon by
    know why, not I
    Out from the quiet Harlem
    Where the trees recall yesterday
    South from the modern
    Where the lights shine away... from the old song in the street
    Is a raccoon family
    Waiting for sapiens to segregate
    Tis a wait insane
    Waiting for: fish fry, jass, or roof... parties
    Them can not survive: mixing, security, or real estate
    But a darkling notice the scene
    He provide a path in the shade
    Just to a few from Harlem past... to find the Black Bath
    Walking outside, I ponder, where is wisdom,
    when the Sun can not wake me to see it,
    and...
    what can be seen from apartment 2B?
    concrete sequoia, surround every pane,
    even the baby thrush, needing parental sustenance,
    can't be known, and...
    we all ask, where with all is hope?...
    can I know in 9C?
    can enlightenment be, where no butterfly roam,
    even if I live or write every poem?...
    may I live near 2B... only down the hall,
    where you live in 4U, and maybe you can see or know,
    if you own, a pane or more from hope...
    will it sing, to my craft, as I walk...
    apartmentless, in the public dark
    The Trees or the Churches, are all that will stand
    Where is the tree that remember the land
    Does a church know where, the skulls from the first, was planted
    The collages from modern mancraft is disorganized, most ignorant
    I heard from one collagent
    ... The Pigeon who climbed a whole hill
    do not forget a sky
    never needing, to walk to one again
    ... do not forget an earth
    while sleeping to fly
    truly fly... to a rose beyond any sky
    do not forget a time
    when two sunflower , grow at first glance
    for one grow a short... distance
    yet, the shades them can not see prove:sky, earth, or time in chiaroscurhyme
    and!...this dummy still stand!
    pondering a turncoat dove ponderance
    I am comforted in knowing their finiteness
    though, I know a clear sadness
    for the collages everborn
    pretelling I will never know
    where stand the skulls, or the land
    What if a green speak to you one day
    do you think, it will speak to Giants colored grey
    or multicolor dirt from an annual day
    I say they are not signs... from the urban green
    not like those southern trees who know the bloodiest luxiery
    A salvadoran Rose, through my mind, once spoke to me
    We look at each other through a lens that is the moon
    after in the afternoon, a bluejay hope to find
    hopping up the fire escape to the top floor, why?!
    a rainforest on the third, or higher than Everest on the roof
    or maybe a query from the terrace fleur
    How do you find a place beyond time, is it galaxy wide, or smaller than an eye?
    Does a green, the Moon, or an avian know where it hide
    In a deep autumn night
    I think, what deep thought
    from those once cargo
    or more than likely, threw off
    did they saw life as hope, or a wrought
    did they trusted in nature, used her time
    as I have
    born in summer, a plethora from light...
    this fall beginning
    I was unwised, lived on the obvious prismal abuse
    suddenly pondering, why I suddenly dream to you
    you are not in a thought yesterday
    think yesterday has nothing from you?
    now nearest to the future
    what will winter be, these questions
    do you feel the sunlight when i do
    do you feel the rain
    are you surround between the night stars
    do you block their speak
    ... or the mirror to chaotic reality...
    silent fantasy
    from Richard Murray 2015
    Check out my ebooks- the free one is noted, please read/enjoy/give me your response:
    Sunset Children Stories: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/sunset-children-stories  
    Looking West and West: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/looking-west-and-west  
    Janidogo: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-janidogo  
    The Gospel of Joseph: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/gospel-of-joseph  
    The Nyotenda FREE : https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-nyotenda   Includes a comic. The following link is an excerpt LINK
  7. richardmurray

    Story Collections

    By richardmurray,


    Literature
    My second story collection, Looking West and West, is a collection of 18 stories followed by 18 poems; in the work, 18 story is to the most lifefull in their heart fore 18 poem to those mature in body or will; it is the second in my story collection series, the first being Sunset Children Stories. In Sunset Children Stories two part exist: fables and tales.
    A preview is available for the ebook on the official kobo page. Check it out and at some time, leave your review on the official kobo page. Any question or thought, you can respond in this blog.
    If you want to hear an excerpt from Sunset Children Stories, use the following audio stream

    Below is an excerpt from another book, The Janidogo

     
    If you want to check out my writing style, or just enjoy a free book, please utilize the following
    Sunset Children Stories: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/sunset-children-stories  
    Looking West and West: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/looking-west-and-west  
    Janidogo: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-janidogo  
    The Gospel of Joseph: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/gospel-of-joseph  
    The Nyotenda FREE : https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-nyotenda   Includes a comic. The following link is an excerpt LINK

  8. richardmurray

    The Nyotenda Comic Excerpt

    By richardmurray,


    Literature
    The Nyotenda is a story I wrote ,as a script, free to fans or others  who may be interested; it was based on a dare perhaps you can figure out what the dare was after reading my prose; it involve a woman who played a video game as a child to adulthood; after she succeed in the videogame in a way, she gain the attention to people from outer space who want to use her skills; she is successfully trained, and achieve a great feat becoming The Nyotenda.
    I cognize the universal comprehension from graphic imagery to a global audience that has no common tongue. Sequentially, I added the complete Nyotenda Comic alongside the story in the ebook. Enjoy.  
    https://store.kobobooks.com/en-us/ebook/the-nyotenda




     
    Check out my ebooks- the free one is noted, please read/enjoy/give me your response:
    Sunset Children Stories: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/sunset-children-stories  
    Looking West and West: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/looking-west-and-west  
    Janidogo: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-janidogo  
    The Gospel of Joseph: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/gospel-of-joseph  
    The Nyotenda FREE : https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-nyotenda   Includes a comic. The following link is an excerpt LINK
     
  9. richardmurray

    The Visasiki

    By richardmurray,


    Literature
    Good day readers, the Visasiki excerpt is available for free on Kobo. If you enjoy you can follow up with the Visasiki which is an audio book from stories in the Sunset Children Stories or Looking West and West. The poems to the month is coming, be ready and I will make a collage to a story idea, that you may like.  Happy reading.
    Visasiki Excerpt
    Visasiki
    Sunset Children Stories
    Looking West and West
     
  10. richardmurray

    My Writing Islands

    By richardmurray,


    Literature
    Leah Cutter has this idea for a  island map where you use the coordinates for the genre you write in and make these islands
    So I first had to list my work, I chose only the work I have published on Kobo, I didn't choose everything I have ever written or had accepted in this that or the other. While that would be fair, to be honest, my mindset is, if I incorporate those things that I may have to add another axis and I didn't want this to be muddled too much. If you ever tried to graph a function having five variables by hand you comprehend me, in the visual imbalance to that. 
    As it is, I first listed each work I have in Kobo or I am working on this year, and labeled them next to it
    Gospel of Joseph- Religious fiction
    Kings of London Epic Poem CFC 2012-2013 sport Poetry/sport Comic/Sport Assessment
    Kings of London Epic Poem CFC 2013-2014 sport Poetry/ sport Comic/Sport Assessment
    Kings of London Epic Poem CFC 2014-2015 sport Poetry/sport Comic/Sport Assessment
    Looking West and West - Story Collection - Fantasy
    Lucky 13 - unfinished science fiction 
    Richard Murray Thoughts Round 1 to 8 and ongoing /Sport Assessment/sport Poetry
    Sunset Children Stories Fable Collection/ Story Collection
    The Janidogo Fantasy Script
    The Nyotenda Science Fiction Script 
    The Visasiki Story Collection FREE intro
    Richard Murray Poetry Collection- Fantasy poetry/Social critique poetry
    Richard Murray public paths- Fantasy/Science Fiction 
    For me, what I see is quite a bit of poetry and story collections
    If I use two axis- one for poetry the other for prose, the poetry can go from sport to fantasy(red)
    the prose from sport assessment to fantasy either have social critique or religious fiction in the center (green)
    I came up with the grid in the following ...Before I created it I knew it would not be good enough, the graphical scheme needed a change for me. I added Roman numeral index to the list and applied the numerals into the graph but I then went at it again
    I Gospel of Joseph- Religious fiction
    II Kings of London Epic Poem CFC 2012-2013 sport Poetry/sport Comic/Sport Assessment
    III Kings of London Epic Poem CFC 2013-2014 sport Poetry/ sport Comic/Sport Assessment
    IV Kings of London Epic Poem CFC 2014-2015 sport Poetry/sport Comic/Sport Assessment
    V Looking West and West - Story Collection - Fantasy/adult riddles 
    VI Lucky 13 - unfinished science fiction 
    VII Richard Murray Thoughts Round 1 to 8 and ongoing /Sport Assessment/sport Poetry
    IIX Sunset Children Stories Fable Collection/ Story Collection
    IX The Janidogo Fantasy Script
    X The Nyotenda Science Fiction Script 
    XI The Visasiki Story Collection
    XII Richard Murray Poetry Collection- Fantasy poetry/Social critique poetry
    XIIV Richard Murray public paths- Fantasy/Science Fiction 

    So I was more rigid, placing an alphanumeric next to each representing a book next to each book that applied going down the line adding in
    Fiction- Religious 1
    Poetry-Sport 2347
    Prose- Sport 2347
    Comic- Sport 234
    Fantasy- short story 58B      
    Adult-riddles 5
    Science Fiction- unfinished 6
    Fable 8
    Fantasy -script 9
    Science fiction - script A
    Fantasy poetry C
    social critique poetry C
    Fantasy fiction D
    science fiction D 
    Then I remade the categories to focus on genre, I excluded audio which is unfair since i added the comics. But, the audio is akin to the text.
    Religious fiction 1
    Sport poetry 2347
    Sport prose 2347
    sport comic 234
    Fantasy - short story 58B
    Adult- riddles 5
    Science fiction unfinished 6
    Fable 8
    Fantasy - script 9
    Science fiction- script A
    Fantasy poetry C
    Social critique poetry C
    Fantasy Fiction D
    Science Fiction D
    Then the true boundaries came to light. 
    I have fiction: religious/Fantasy-short story/fable/fantasy script/science fiction script/fantasy/science fiction
    Sport: poetry/prose/comic
    Adult: riddles
    poetry: fantasy/social critique 
    if I combine riddles into poetry, which is not literally true, a riddle need not be a poem but the adult riddles in looking west and west are poetic, i should know:), then I have three shapes
    Fiction is a septagon
    Sport is a trigon
    and the poetry is a trigon 
    but then i realized the shapes don't merge functionally , fiction needs to be an  nonagon, to include sport and nonfiction; sport must be a quadgon to include nonsport, and poetry must be a quadgon to include nonpoetry, and I index them
    fiction(green): I religious/ II Fantasy-short story/ III fable/ IV fantasy script/ V science fiction script/ VI fantasy/ VII science fiction/ IIX sport/ IX nonfiction (yellow)
    Sport(red): I poetry/ II prose/ III comic/ IV nonsport (blue)
    Poetry(black): I fantasy/ II social critique/ III adult riddle/ IV nonpoetry (brown)
    So the following is the second attempt, I made the shapes and then placing the alphanumeric described above. 
    For example, the gospel of joseph is religious fiction. So I placed digit one under the appropriate green line, using purple. For some books where I do multiple I made purple lines connecting, thus making islands, if you will on top of each other in the air that are see through except for the border. 
    But this proves how some work I do have multifaceted and some does not. 

    The first thing is obvious I learn about my writing, a lot of poetry. More than I even considered, spanning various genres, which makes my first poetry book this year, common sense. 
    But it also shows how much of my poetry is dominated through sport and not beyond into the fantastic thus the poetry book this year will be about the fantastic. 
    I also have not settled on a favorite fiction genre I like to write in. well, as it is , can you make your own graph and share with all what you have learned about your writing
    I was inspired by this post
    https://kobowritinglife.com/2017/03/09/writing-all-over-the-map-leah-cutters-island-sampler/

     
  11. richardmurray

    Poetry or More...

    By richardmurray,


    Literature
    I successfully published a poetry book, i entitled, Poetry or More. Now, the original plan I used is to place three year in one book, text side audio. Unfortunately, a 100MB or 100,000KB limit exist on ebooks that can be loaded <that is fair cause that equate to a huge amount from raw text>. Thus, I made four version, one is only text that include all the years. The other three are partials: 2015-2016, 2017 January to June, or 2017 July to December. 
    The text only includes all the poem stories, poem of the months or seasons. I placed the links to each Poetry or More variant below, and if you want an excerpt I kept the December solstice 2017/December 2017/December Poem Story 2017/July Aphelion 2017 poem blog entries. All is linked below. Enjoy. 
     
    Poetry or More 2015-2017 text only
    https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/poetry-or-more-1
    Poetry or More 2015-2016 audio or text 
    https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/poetry-or-more-2
    Poetry or more 2017 January to June audio or text
    https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/poetry-or-more-3
    Poetry or more 2017 July to December audio or text
    https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/poetry-or-more
    Overdrive links 
    https://www.overdrive.com/series/richard-murray-short-story-collection
    December Poem Story 2017
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/137-december-2017-poem-story/
    December 2017 
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/134-july-aphelion-2017-poem/https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/120-december-2017-poem/data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==
     
     
    July Aphelion 2017 
    Listen to "January Perihelion 2017" on Spreaker.
    Farthest from the light 
    Is the ancient under water wheel 
    Seahorse, crab, anchovy, or like, dance in it 
    The last to it's kind 
    It's descendent's, kill or betray the old life 
    ...Long before man, or when dinosaur's began 
    Earth made the ancient plant's 
    To play side all other children 
    But... came a change 
    Earth became cloudy, the sunlight distant in essence 
    And, nearest penultimate ancient plant's died 
    But the heart from Earth, did not want all to die 
    And embrac'd the ancient under water wheel 
    To usher in the dinosaur 
    And, it surviv'd, to today, deep in the water 
    Far from the sun , alway's
    Audio ( https://www.spreaker.com/user/6716082/july-aphelion-2017 ) 
    Check out my ebooks- the free one is noted, please read/enjoy/give me your response:
    Sunset Children Stories: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/sunset-children-stories  
    Looking West and West: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/looking-west-and-west  
    Janidogo: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-janidogo  
    The Gospel of Joseph: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/gospel-of-joseph  
    The Nyotenda FREE : https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-nyotenda   Includes a comic. The following link is an excerpt LINK
     
     
    December 2017 Poem 

     
    December
     I hear some speak to maturity 
    why am I not convince? 
    do I have access to a wise diary 
    am I living behind a fence 
    nothing literal or from prison is about me 
    sole support from my sense 
    kin to all common water's  
    born from being many schnee 
    each winter, the former liquid chime, Never  Again! 
    On the craterous surface, will we be sow 
    Under only the sky, above all other life, is our remaining time 
    ... then the sun rise, and maturity prove elusive again 
    ... I hear few speak to possibility 
    why do most shun if sense 
    do they have no craft they fee 
    are they surround from total absence? 
    nothing craftal or annihil they don't see 
    all support from their mince 
    kin to all warstarter's 
    born from inherent malflee 
    each winter, the sanguine rhyme, Always Again! 
    In the cavernous channels, will we be sow 
    Under only the hide, between all other life, is our remaining time 
    ... then the lids rise, and possibility prove all coming again 
    ...Can a possible be immature 
    Is immaturity a craft from some possible 
    to reject all other possible 
    Do the questions prove sense? 
      
    Audio ( https://www.spreaker.com/user/6716082/october-2017-poem )
    Check out my ebooks 
    LINK Short Story Collections 
    LINK JIHI series
    LINK The Gospel of Joseph: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/gospel-of-joseph  
     
     
    December Solstice 2017 
    Happy December Solstice. Mama Earth in less than a moment tilt her axis farthest from parallel to the Sun, more than any other time save one between the Perihelions. May those in the northern hemisphere, have a collective , communal warmth, may those in the southern hemisphere, have a energetic smooth cool. 

     
    A once virgin prince, now white hair king
    Ponder to her tomb, the Last Rose, from Hadinchi
    On his regal seat, in a cold empty hall
    He remember, the fairies dance, on all the jewel pall's
    No longer their sprinkle's, in this long fall
    He leave his seat, stride slow on broke floor
    He see her portrait, made when good time's were more
    A goblin weave'd her skin, from hairs on the amber boar
    No longer it make step, in this long fall
    Open the hall door, and on to the mausoleum
    The path shimmer or shine, throughway, to where his woe's sum
    From glass depicting her life, molded from dragon fire's, or jitu hum's
    No longer they breath or song, in this long fall
    Finally, to her body rest, in grandeur timeless
    A statue made, from the king mind or hand, to her likeness
    Eight ninth from centuries, on the craft, and still a jumble mess
    No longer can he remake, in this long fall
    And fall... the white hair king, crying My Love! my love...
    Time smooth over, and none recall, or only hear whisper, in winter
    To the once virgin prince or Tamawari, his lover
    ...But, the rarest whisper, say a black dove cry in a spring, will end their leter
     
    Audio link( https://www.spreaker.com/user/6716082/december-solstice-2017-poem )
    Check out my ebooks- the free one is noted, please read/enjoy/give me your response:
    LINK Short Story Collections 
    LINK JIHI series
    LINK The Gospel of Joseph: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/gospel-of-joseph  
    Be Safe
     
    December 2017 Poem Story 
     

     
    Somewhere, or sometime, in existence 
    In a temporal expanse 
    Tween cluster's from star's or nebula's  
    On a planet from like set 
    Aside a beach, part to an isle in the caribbean, is waterfall's 
    Where she sit 
    I don't know her name 
    Have not ask'd about 
    Been here a few day, and still not approach 
    I have no game, or malice play 
    A simple joy, watching the sun, shadow, wind, or mist mix, about her, or her dress 
    But... time is near done 
    The time this somewhere 
    Me no romeo, her no juliet 
    Nor us two ship, to make a living idol or gret or regret 
    Only a woman enjoying the sun, shadow, wind, or mist, mix about her, or her dress 
    Or a man enjoying where she sit, honorable distance, no persistence 
    Two pleasant, quiet, honest... 
     
    model: amber rayne 
    photographer: Travis Houze 
    https://www.flickr.com/photos/37051354@N04/27333584943/
     
    Check out my ebooks-  please read/enjoy/give me your response:
    LINK Short Story Collections 
    LINK JIHI series
    LINK The Gospel of Joseph: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/gospel-of-joseph  
     
  12. richardmurray

    Richard Murray Collages

    By richardmurray,


    Literature
    The Text Based Zenith Power Collage can be accessed using the following link. Tell me what you think and if you will like to see the Legend Collage below in audio form? https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/179-richard-murray-collages/?tab=comments#comment-513
     

    CLICK anywhere in the image above and it will take you to a story, click on the tale to go back
    Richard Murray Collages Book 2
    The following Collage ebook ,similar content to the slide above,is based on the 1985 film legend. The Collage was interesting as the themes of Evil/Love/Fairies/Demons encircled each other.  Legend source story is more romantic and the Evil is not as straightforward as some will like to think, to be fair it is darkness not evil. Like the prior week , Please use the kobo mobile app to view. Please tell me your thoughts in private message if you are part of my email list or in guest comment here... Lastly, I am pondering what the next collage book should reference, the private collage series will involve black stories like john henry or three the hard way getting the treatment, so any ideas to another non black story you will like me to collage?
    https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/richard-murray-collages-book-2
    Links exist below to view the film or read the scripts.
    the film for those that do not know 
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1M7N_TSZdic
    Legend first script- one of the finest scripts I have ever read in terms of flat out imagination and beauty. the opening scene with the princess needed to be made 
    http://www.figmentfly.com/legend/script3a.html
    Legend second script with the truest darkness- the black unicorn, lovely 
    http://www.figmentfly.com/legend/script3b.html
    Legend third script made into the film 
    http://www.figmentfly.com/legend/script3c.html
     
    COLLAGES LIST
    THE FIRST POWER
    LEGEND - look above
    ? Who is next, give me a suggestion
     
  13. richardmurray

    Richard Murray Creative Table 4

    By richardmurray,


    creatve list
    MY CREATIVE TABLE
     2023 art summary ,  December 2023 secret santa, Richard Murray Centos 2023, Princess Candace New Year, Jiausiku 1-2-3 Shadow 1 , weird fashion, Dark Soul photomanipulation,  Dark Academia, Valentine's Nostalgia, Jiausiku 4-5-6 &nbsp;Shadow 2-3 ,  Biden state of the union reply, Jiausiku shadow 4, sign on a signpost,  Mandala Sphere, Jiausiku shadow 5 part 1 ,  march 2024 ai challenge, my 4 days at the National Black Writers Conference, valentine Nostalgia, Creative side Commercial , Haiku challenge , synthography sentiments,  The Griot replies to Troubadour PrinceofFire , The Blade Is Always Held , Continue the story of Sapphire's Desire , memories of mirrors ,  The private eye, the woman, the secretary poetic trio , The settlement jiausiku , Dystopian Springtime, a prospective psychological pageants, sexy oc's to coolbean, reflections on nature, coloruing page for charity ,  ten word story ,superheroes or villains synth, six word horror story , Contest 5 (and) 7 is 1 (and) 2 is 3 , Honest Artist Challenge q&a , self survey q&a , goggled woodpecker, da fragments banner, apricot earth, woman in a fruit dress+happy summer , the last reincarnations, Mushroom perspective, Horror AI,  Mister Mxyzptlk's Mysterious Mix Up  , soon for the savory pie- jiausiku, The Intragalactic Violence Deaccretion Zone jiausiku shadoworlds,  The Wall of Phoenix Ters+ Phoenix Crying , Witches Bath, The coin of keekuk johnson, The last golden,  a family on the sea, womens history month 2024 , Human Spice Potion tutorial , The spirit coop , introduction to the sermon on the hand and the cordatitudes ,  Le Gateau Marche Avec Musique Et Entremets explained  , OshunBala or Why the bees sing like Muxinho , out and about cemetery , alien ancestors, The Vape Of Love ,  Tutorials, Maythe4th , Mona Catburger Dogfries , Book review: gardins of edin from rosey lee , a gift earned inktober 2024 , a witness in a coven of killers , Charity Coloring Book, Nursery Rhyme 01 ,  the last coven, scary set 2, movie posters , why did the dragon bite me, The SKull to the Schoolgirl , Wee Sonnets Sonnet ,  invinclble fight girl , Nursery rhyme collaboration 2 , The last day , Candace the great~ as told by edubrer rabbit ,The Journey To The South fragment , November 2024 Work List , Hark the poet angels sing ,  The Charm from Gersemi , Storyboardfilms or animatics list, and video show room , multiimage comics [teleman, octowolf, anayena] , great monastic snowfight, hakim's plea, hakim's annulary protection , holiday card 2024 ai ,The Great Original Character Snowfight, The Vial of Woe's stillness , Trilog Nativity , Snowapelt! instructions , Which Sun is Fun ,  ?
     
    THE BLACK TABLE
    Black party of governance called on again, salvador bahia festival dates 2024, shirley chisholm biopic, ruffin and black cop relatives, movies that move we 2024 begins, viola plummer, Jeffrey wright nod, mlk jr said 02012024, Black reparations discussion on Black history month, black details in the populace, continental black american unity, The truth of voting, black cuteness, proof the war on crime was never honest, babel usa, elvert barnes, matawana first black female owned in brooklyn and settlements,  kiratheartist coloring pages, Children of the Quicksands from Efua Traore , dorie ann ladner old, dorie ann ladner new,  national black writers conference     , marcia williams , soulsonsix roundtable shared , dsnp of project liberty ,  faith ringgold rest in peace , shirley chisholm in movies that move we, morgan price the gymnast, palmetto christmas miltonjdavis, tananarive due wins la times book award, national black cheerleading championship , gdbee kickstarter  , black statian awards list, artistic lifestyle cliche, sylvia moy , prince mural, Sonequa Martin Green inverview,  jesse washington, guava financing, schomburg comic book fesitval- iyanu , gabby douglass returns, HBCU's getting part of what is due , history specificity,  author survey, kerner commission,  amsterdam news advertising,  shakar eye of the midnight god, the first female black superhero in usa comics , black women photographers, NGart7 prints , integration from the british colonial to 2024 , finding peace by shakira rivers, space funk, tropics africa Doers , angela bofil , skettel trailer,  remembering bill cobbs, philly independent comics, Connecting Writers To Agents of Color from Regina Brooks of Serendipity Literary Agency, Ebony Lolita, when did i turn black, oppressed in cinema, in honour of kang, Clinical research in africa,  Obama and Kamala and black elected folk n the usa with Chevdove, Halle Berry and the treacherous road of a black thespian , Stronghold interview , skin in film ,  confederate vampres and lost black causes , white saviours and where is the black saviour , kiratheartist i love my hair 2,  love license by thelma iheanacho , black men side black female athletes , flickr side black women photographers gallery , the isolation of the black doser , The haitian constitution , entergalactic , eric adams , black caesars and faoxy cleopatras , second kiss by milton davis, parallel from movies that move we, HBCU academic presses , percy julian, who opposes a black party of governance in the black populace in the usa,  schwart kinder garten , the hidden gem in MA 2019, Black elected officials need to replace hope with truth , honoring charlie christian, hbcu mfa thinktank , Kamala Harris 2024 election review , Black women comfortable while the usa burn art , Jonathan MAjors, Getting the black books , Jonathan Majors lives , Free Black Literature , Plant Dye from Amma King , Black erotica , Skettel , meet me next Christmas reviewed by movies that move we , 33 and single of nollywood , Triggerfish director and animation art labs for women, Vivica a Fox side the 6888 , ?
     
    AALBC TABLE
    erotic couples classes fantasyfitnessmd , you want to know why you shouldn't feel sad for artist, black bookstore in florida, tim scott and the future black elephants, Google text to video,  good books, carnaval ile aye, Learn screenwriting from Tananarive due + steven barnes, a comment on 16 books missing from the bible, Mace Windu movie - you want?,  ayesha kazim, film festivals, sarah vaughan sammy davis jr + eartha kitt,  Troy covers the internet- my thoughts , the obsolete site,  ai modeling and pop up stamps, Movies That Move We: Rustin 2024, American Fiction 2023, The Color Purple 2023 , favorite black poetry, questions of supermen, google docs ,  questions to writing and things written, just so blacks know, tiktok unity, art of illegal tender from musashden, Posse from movies that move we, at the brownstone -a day in harlem, nicolas felicano and proof of the true nature of black law enforcers, Nicholas Feliciano,  wooden hand, WAVES from movies that move we, Artivism from shawn alleyne , kwl romance tropes, book of clarence from movies that move we, Cheynader - colors- qnad a,  alexis brown, what is canon,  marionette performer, ask eddie may 28th , ai questions, the people's journey, multiple films based on one black book ,  phenotype in the beautiful game, wordsmith,  father's day 2024, Frog and Toad , make to repair, clare lydon , women in video games,  winds of winter unfinishable, reply to lolita, reply to poor things, reply to krull morning star, my reply to outing, my reply to american psycho, AI built and used ,  lee and low awarded, the future blade in film, Simone Biles flipbook magic, zohameanslight stretched determination , when reboots of government are needed, tananarive due on aliens, marketing with melissa storm, MTA in NYC , stop and frisk , Korean adoption , the usa crossroads , france and manga ,  KWL with Tikiri Kerath , october horror 2024 movies , George Carlin on Race,  ask eddie august 22nd 2024, where the wild things are review , amazement or fear to computers , usa presidential candidates 2024, deliverance review from movies that move we, 70s sci fi gems , google, the girl with all the gifts reviewed by movies that move we, julie bell interview on geek retrospective , satellites blocking the sun , fiscal capitalsim exo2024 , The green movements public lie  , Mr Crocket ,  The Portrait of Jenny , election 2024 review, immigrant predictions  , kobo cover contest 2024 , Mellody hobson nfl minority owner, lyndon b johnson immigration act speech , kobo + overdrive , the wicked truth , Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke starting a Haka!! maintaining the treaty of Treaty of Waitangi  , who is in control, vp harris future, Biden pardon , there once was a donkey side an elephant, Holmes vs Doyle , when one no longer merit a job , heritages of the usa bred terrible cultures ,  why do we lie , peggy noonan , danny trejo,  Brian Thompson , Public Domain 2025,  ?
     
    ARTISTS LIST
      GEMGFX , GDBEE , Deidre Smith Buck , Shawn Alleyne, RaySeb , Coco Michelle , chriss choreo, yeahbouyee , Collective poem side dee miller- in comments , clarence bateman , Ronald Reed, K-Hermann, El Carna , djdonttouchthetrim, Kiratheartist, briana lawrence  , odie1049, Nettrice Gaskins, Dada Koita ,  Paul Lewin,  Lisa Tillman Pritchard, Chevelin Pierre,   , Zak Anderson, seye sanyaolu,  Dualmask , Handzee , ? 
     
    Economic Corner 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ?
     
    Response and Article series : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ,  ? 
     
    Richard Murray Creative Table 3 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/345-richard-murray-creative-table-3/
     
    Richard Murray Creative Table 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/281-richard-murray-creative-table-2/
     
    Richard Murray Creative Table 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/194-richard-murray-creative-table/
     
    My Newsletter https://rmnewsletter.over-blog.com/
  14. richardmurray

    Richard Murray Creative Table 3

    By richardmurray,


    creatve list
    MY CREATIVE TABLE
    Moments In a Day of Mumu : first rohonamo story, Art Summary 2022 , Sudowoodo plushie, Promoting positivity, Valentines day 2023 question and answer, Black history month 2023 q&a, my first stageplay , Messages at the end of a rainbow letter 1 , Joys of one north or somewhere -wabi sabi, , Fun Ninjago, Pubg submission <The Spacescraper>, Death by Example storyboardfilm, Shani and the shadow, phillipe my imaginary spirit animal , Commission Aevemor, I.S.D. Cup ,Faefarm , The Ancestral Tree + Brah Soul Sun for Juneteenth 2023 and more,  witches pendant 3d, Violet Pantheress, The Incomplete Labors Of Judasa, Photomanipulation for Xena , Love That Pass Ships In The Night, Innocent Little Margaret, The Spider and the &nbsp;Chuki+ Sarah's Part Times,  Around the Moon in 80 risings, adoptables august 2023, 3d art summer 2023, princess candace in the kingdom of glass, Old man and the sea for set sailt , Week 3 bettfic , Bayonetta -super smash bros collab, left hand tutorials first of 2023, honoring francois artblog, Pokemon random colors, &nbsp;Pokemon Rainforest, MA'am and week 4 of Bettsfic, For Supertiti09 as a participation price , Dedenne rainforest, The Swim ACross the Colby Elv, Autumn art + drawtober phase 1,  supertiti09 variant and promptpot day 11/12 of october, cursed costumes day 1 -best baddies , dtiys poetry-sikarengo+mswisp+namwiki, fright-ing month complete includes dtiys sikarengo+mswisp+namwiki+goblin+scare &nbsp;set poems with stories++ fall festival+spookarama, king of dead horses ring, Photomanipulation storybook, far west photomanipulation, Dark horse ring, the 16th iq'o ch'en , harvest eternal complete, pa bones hustlers dice complete, la muerta barbie + myth of the manhattan mourner+what's love got to do with it lyric, winter wonderland, commission jadadsnowleopard2023,  , 2023 art summary
    THE BLACK TABLE
    Benin bronze return , Omeleto+marvn gaye+kindred octavia tried , Shelby and the lesson Black elected officials need to learn, the directors of wakanda forever side kindred the tv show , vanessa guillen-rape in military- metrofocus ,  minority business development capital readiness grant competition, district judge candice alcaraz, Norwell roberts first black law enforcer of london, Dreadriver whiskey or spirits from Eboni MAjor, Bruce family of california, India and the beginning of post european ,  Tunisia and the reality of democracy, The Wishing Pool by Tananarive Due, A Black Woman leading in real estate or financial access to health or sickle cell hair care, San francisco and reparations for reconstruction and post reconstruction , Fiyah Magazine Carnival edition 2023, The woman king- movies that move we , Thistle and Verse 2022 review and more, Crooklyn movies that move we, 133 publishing , Odoya Iemanja 2023,  Black people attacked by the internal revenue service or the new york police department or white european descent plans , Flickr celebrate black photographers 2023 , saint Bob MArley &nbsp;2023 birthday ,post birthday 2023 bob marley,  Civilian complaint review board to NYPD 2020, minorities in the black community, Star Chasers of Senegal , The woman in the iron coffin + dogs in the wild , al jarreau bday , celebrating black speculative fiction, carnaval 2023 day 3 4 6 , carmen jones on moviesthatmovewe , Miishe Addy jetstream black investment, Courtney wade and the black pages index, Blacklit bookstore of dallas  , black millenial debt, Black Girl Ventures Shelly Bell art of the pitch and why you need to own , Creative Soul Photography side Disney make pan black dolls, scholarship opportunity early 2023, TSU Marching Band, grammy winners,  south side home movie project february webinar , off time jive by az louise book reveal by chloe of thistle and verse, rihanna on vogue,  romance writers advice, Celebrating black joy, afro cuban artist with others , the magic of negro spirituals , coloring pages from gdbee for black history month 2023 , Stephanie Mills interview, chris rock slap response, the truth of tulsa, immigration nonviolence, is slavery over, lance reddick, jasmine marie black girls breathing, al harrington nba player turned financially successful pharmaceutical business owner , black farmers in the usa march 2023, preserving memories s.s.h.m.p. south side home movie project , Till from Movies That Move We, Thistle and Verse 2023 goals, Cleopatra and modern media, The reality of NYC, has the Black DOS choices been worth it for Black DOS in the USA, What style of black leadership is dominant, the Nigerwife, thistle and verse 05212023,  Juneteenth uniqueness 2023, Medgar Evers Center for Black Literature Reading List, Juneteenth 2023 uniqueness, pbb in michigan, reparations + juneteenth,  the war between the states 2023, Cornell West People's party 2023,  juneteenth 2023 ,  DOSers and being african, Black grief thistle and verse, The USA has always had two collection of states, Disney and Blackness, We must accept we are not a we, Sammy davis jr on life or leadership as an entertainer , uptight, tyler the creator on creating, Supa Team 4, ,  What next after so much abuse  , Black leadership 2023 preaching, a cure for incel from steven barnes, stretching with zohameanslight , what will it take for most Black people to reject what the usa can be?,  the problem is the race of how we use words, Gecko speech, The Intruder 1962 and the beautiful people, writing horror- from tananarive due side steven barnes,  education part nth, black female photographers, Steven Barnes + Charles Johnson+ray bradbury, firedance 09162023 from lifewriting,  the fall that saved us from tamara jeree on thistle and verse , black brides last name,  Jazz merged with European orchestral , progression from black statian leadership,  Brown Girls Books- shades of brilliance, vi &nbsp;redd jazz instrumentalist...female, angelique &nbsp;noire interview, Movies That Move We - Grey Matter of project greenlight, Black Rose from Milton Davis, criblore, american fiction with issa rae + jeffrey wright, gdbee hovergirls publishing, Black political leaders today,  Black federalism , Black federalism part 2, Black prosylitizers, Angela Bassett at Ile Aye, the preacher's wife from movies that move we, international sweethearts of rhythm, black woman photographers grant, Will you produce color purplr + why did i get marrieds? , december holiday gift 2024 , nia dacosta, glass abyss by steven barnes, mlk jr house fire, the time it takes to merge tribes, the black south needs a black party of governance+if palestineans learn from the native american they will+black ownership has greater value than black merit+magical negroes vs magical negroes for a white woman+where are the hbcu+mandela said it, kwanzaa 2023, ?
     
    AALBC TABLE
    A False Claim , AALBC content after death, biggest mistake writers make , reparations a question from troy, Booker T Washington and self reliance and the failure of the late 1800s black movements in the USA, 31 trillion in debt, the great fornication industry, Tyre Nichols,  , 2023Booktag with thistle and verse and reviewing Mindy Kaling's Scooby Doo with Kat Blaque, NYC funding for law enforcement as opposed to community centers, spike lee film rankings, Joyce Williams question to africans about africa , polygamy openpulpit, Bill Russell, valentine's day 2023,  how celebrate black history month, madison calley harp- lauryn hill , nina simone- malcolm x- dwayne mcduffie  , the value of being followed , is slavery abolished,  walter russell III, new cold war , womens history month 2023 , wayne shorter spirit flew, the woman king multilog of 2023, what is luck, silicon valley bank , age of easy money,  michelle yeoh, silicon valley bank, tiktok, maternity deaths, londonium, the streaming official, san francisco reparations part 2, s.f. reparations part 3, fuzzy haskins , why did racism change, negative self bias by a black individual, haitian independence all year round from Chevelin pierre , 191st street invitational, Styles black women like and punditry , skettel by moon ferguson, China 2023,  jasmine marie of black girls breathing answer questions and salem, vietnam war late truth, talk like a white girl,  trump jail, privilege in the usa,  ebony mag 1963, leo sullivan, who doesn't want advantage, Robert Twonsend on Sidney Poitier, schomburg comic book festival, lil nas x, ugly, what should black people in louisiana do, Creed3 from movies that move we , Black leadership in NYC want crime in the Black community to be eradicated only, the kissed feet of the black hebrew israelites, Tituba of Salem, Cooley high from movies that move we, Polaroid week 2023 , Simone Biles is married, Five Heartbeats on Movies That Move we, Claudine from movies that move we, sudan of africa, actiona jackson, homelessness,  black people treat the black community as the usa, how black people define themselves, black crypto, news media, a black world one day, banana republic, italy and ethiopia, schomburg book festival, the war between whites and blacks in the south,  skettel+criblore, impossible proof of pythagoras, janelle monae,  aalbc in the modern internet, a thing in germany plus japan and one in the black, blood of jesus - richardmurray's corner of movies that move we,  Kristin Richardson Jordan and NYC government,  new solutions,  JEt magazine article on phentoype, Black education never achieved so little compared to yeshiva's, should blacks celebrate the 4th of july, clarence thomas the honest black individualist, which subgroup is worse for the negro, met'a threads, Chevalier from movies that move we,  NATO,  The man from earth ,  where white media is taking black , Hollywood kaput, moviesthatmovewe little mermaid, earliest africanfuturism, everyone is complaigning like the blacks in the usa, Ben's benjamins and the Dinosaurs, NY is the 11th and black womens therapy, the making of the modern black america, barbie brands and business  , black unity in the usa , the business of media history from tcm, aalbc membership,  genetic basis for phenotype , muons of particle physics plus the race for nuclear powered space engines, computer corporate published vs self human published, self publishing podcast kwl, speaking delicately in race, accessbility online,  indigenous suffering, finding an artist, Africa's worth to the &nbsp;USA empire , Noir Bar how to make cocktails, ahsoka tnao and the future of female superheroines, book contracts with jane friedman, 5 minute yoga, jann wenner and the art of the interview,  under pressure climate week with whitney mcguire, lifewriting screenwriting,is schrumpft a leader, about internet design from tumblr through mozilla, the clitoris of the snake, Not saying where you want to live, getting older for women, halloween films, grammatical freedom , 40 find ems halloween, the lesson of palestine, disney 100, dark academia, the truth about ukraine, review to miles of style from lee and low , natural disruptions in the usa, art fro m diamondz1021 , the upside from movies that move we, gates on e- assistances and the murdochs content being turned into e-learning books, poverty in the usa , vibrator's skill, october 2023, mlkjr and fiscal truth, stories through various philosophies, americanbaby, rearing matters, is the wiz a multiverse, taraji p henson tears, noir city end of 2023,   ?  
     
    ARTISTS LIST
      GEMGFX , GDBEE , Deidre Smith Buck , Shawn Alleyne, RaySeb , Coco Michelle , chriss choreo, yeahbouyee , Collective poem side dee miller- in comments , clarence bateman , Ronald Reed, K-Hermann, El Carna , djdonttouchthetrim, Kiratheartist, briana lawrence  , odie1049, Nettrice Gaskins, Dada Koita ,  Paul Lewin,  Lisa Tillman Pritchard, Chevelin Pierre,   , Zak Anderson, ? 
     
    Response and Article series : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,
     
    Richard Murray Creative Table 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/281-richard-murray-creative-table-2/
     
    Richard Murray Creative Table 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/194-richard-murray-creative-table/
     
    My Newsletter https://rmnewsletter.over-blog.com/
     
  15. richardmurray

    Richard Murray Creative Table 2

    By richardmurray,


    creatve list
    CREATIVE TABLE 2
     
    hat it means to be a writer , Sylessae- draw in your own style , Alligado , The Black SCreenriter cometh, , Animal BFF, Character Copyright , Humanity vs I am Legend ,  Negotiating , Artist be like, Spiderman head tutorial , audiobook narration styles future, going from text to voice , Summer Of Soul- some thoughts, deviantart displays ,  , what if what if , happy 21st birthday deviantart , Dragon tutorial: steps/headless/1960s , fire tutorial &nbsp;,  Dexterity Test/Story Challenge/Comic Book Superhero/Kloir DYIS/Monster Cutie/One Light Source/OC Pet , Contrast craft, Dessert Dragon/Fav Season/Dream Catcher , retrofuturism RMI , Blackberry cookie run, Death by example,  pop of grayscale, werewolf your pet , addietober , Death by example in dreadful tales, may the real nubia stand up, Ebonee , Novembrush2021, writing parents , where do the stories go , Final fantasy weaponvember, see the world in my way , Chibi KAwai dragonslayer , emotions 2021 , Zenith power collage  , Legend Collage , comic book aging, translated works and immigrants, epistles of the future , internal problems in characters, AduiShirika of MSinChe <BlackGamesElite > , cancelling films- a query, reaffirmation to HBCU's , what books make a good film, Holiday Rex DTIYS + NAscha DTIYS , valentine's day 2022 , The Case Of Our Escape , Black Tribes of the USA fictional book list ,  eat a lemon 2022,  International womens day 2022 ,  Audio-Shipoffools,legend to be, Audio-head of hatshepsut, Audio-Death by Example , The Last Race Film , The Journey of the PS Eternal , Superhero profile left hand, rose left hand , spin bowlers, Last day of womens' history month 2022 , Black universiy press , grant earned to the south side home movie project , to spike lee's favorites, Monna Lisa  , Danny Glover in small budget, The King of Paradise, , Superman outdated, Feetorfins2022 ,  Ampraeh DTIYS , delight dislyte , 2k watchers 2022- In KaleJiwe , KZlovetch invitational  , favorite magic spell, the golden mirror plus the gift from impatience, deviantart 22nd birthday, deviantart22nd birthday part 2 and my first adoptable , UFO Adoptable, MAKE A STORY aalbc group activity, Ganyok the monster partner of princess candace, The Last Homily of Liturgoid , Witchtember 2022 , Shoka Tutorial, Witchtember 2022, Promptpot,  The Green Woman for Chrissabiug dtiys 10k, build a beast, All Hallows Tales 2022 , Ila Izni, Dreadful tales 41<your fired+ila izni>, promptpot gallery, kidowaum build a beast 4 part, Prince Menelik, dreamup, Poem: Stone of Suriel ; Suriel of Sylessae , Poem : Xicotencatl the younger's last dream ; Kahuere of Ampraeh, Poem : one in a couple; Ryder of ccayco , Poem Yerewfo the bard to Zahera first tale, ? 
    Richard Murray's Pulpit : 1+2 , 3+4+5 , 6 , ? 
    In the first creative table, I used the comment section of the post to hold the content. This was dysfunctional. Took me years to figure it out:) This creative table, I will use my profile activity list to hold the data and tabulate it in this post.
    If you want to see the first creative table, utilize the following link after the makeshift arrow -> LINK 
     
    The Black Table 
    Heart man,  wild seed witch , Namina Forna , The ExtraChallenged , Eugene Bacon speculative future , , 2021 years best african speculative fiction , JET and Ebony Mag , SATT Wars ,  The legend of Cymbee from Glenis Redmond  ,  Respect - aretha franklin , Black mermaids of NAtasha Bowen, Sun man sitting at the table,  1940 black statian music , Global Pitch , AfroKids TV , The financial rise of the Black female writer in the usa ,  The importance of Black positive representation in white owned media , Robyn Hood , The comic book industry hasn't failed its owners , Asankrangwa development , truth from josephine baker over relevant topics , Alexis henderson on thistle and verse , milestone initiative, Lope Martin and why history is never erased, Black MEdia and the false tale of Merit, Pele,  DJ Dont TOuch the trim , the harder they fall, Gdbee , roseanneabrown, brent lambert , Saint HEron , Keke Palmer Southern Belle , Asankrangwa 2021 , Training Day MMW, 
    Night of the Living Dead MMW  , Joyce Williams or Armooh Williams or Isoka honored , the antagonists , harriet tubman demon slayer the film  , louis armstrong daughter, woke comics , silk and stone , the harder they fall reviews, Milestone history and the return of blood syndicate , King Richard , BRent Lambert on thistle and verse , Tamara Jeree interview : thistle and verse , what is in a genre: thistle and verse,  Question and Answer of Billie Zangewa on the "A Brush With" Podcast, BRuised from Halle Berry , PASSING from MMW , Joyce williams is a member of the NSBA <national small business association> leadership council , Harlem the show , JAmes Baldwin 2020 ,  one black is enough, vivica a fox motherhood , Mystic skillz fallen kingdom, the legend of Fatima from Alexandra Tchomte , tornada alley from mainasha , inheritance trilogy 2022 readalong from thistleandverse , sailor storm from ebonychan, angel of grace from toni starchild taylor, Florida Evans fear , GDBee last of 2021 , Daniel KAluuya on acting, Bell Hooks, 2022 from diedre smith buck, Fiyah Grants , sidney poitier, Shawn Alleyne January 2022 Erotic series part 1, Black Sands to be animated , eric adams first policy act as mayor of nyc, Denzel in disney , MArcus Birthday 2022 , Last Octavia tried to tell us, Black History Storytelling, Shawn Alleyne art January 2022 Erotic Series complete linkchain, subsume summit 2022 , Somali Iron Lady, Black authors with the papaer book, kurt zouma , Oscar Micheaux, Keke Palmer side COmmon in Alice, Stacey Abrams peace , tammy williams , Sanaa LAthan and the Black female heroine lead in film,  Stacey Abrams in star trek, Regina King as Shirley Chisholm, free art coloring pages GDBee, e-black rebooted websites , NOPE, 0ne0nlylarry art,  Movies that move we, alice 2022 , , sesame street, whose to blame for buffalo massacre, Buffalo massacre again, A MeToo phase shift, catholic shooting in nigeria, Black immigration in the Black populace of the usa in Fox Soul , creative soul photo, , Somi Makoma and Mariam MAkeba with local internet freedom texas style, Kugali comics , Wildbow wisdom , Bethany Morrow history through historical fiction , Harlem Nights and Black Artistic Patronage , ,  Morrison on HAmilton , Tochi Onyebuchi on Juneteenth side freedom ,  , Bill Cosby , Superman will be black, , 100 years of communist china , JAmes Baldwin advice on writing  , Swing from Oscar Micheaux ,   , sars-cov-2 truths , , crypt or nft attempt at explanation,  , Simone Biles vs Dylan Roof a comparison to mental health reactions, Alfonso Ribeiro and what the black community in the usa wants ,  ,  Aretha franklin gets an honest biopic , 20th anniversary of september 11th retrospective - about empire , the black statian wood, , blockchain protocols, Knowledge does not manipulate ones desires,   pro vaccine vs anti vaccine , the future of law in the usa , , The Black Elected Official , , the death of metoo ,  whoopie goldberg and race and words , NYC's crime and black on black crime , what do you want out of life question answered, black america using crypto in 2022 , NYC evictons 2022 , pro black parents, the unifier of the any community, The purpose of humanity , the impotency of education ,Eartha Kitt and the test of the black individual , black elected officials , what type of leaders are needed, Blackwood, why serve the eagle, Ketanji Brown Jackson and Black Individualism, , What does the Black Individual want for the Black community,,Frank JAmes and what do Black people want , the alternative to the POAJ or POAL , allegiance from ukranians and what it means to blacks, , bias is alright, lies 04272022 , , owing three months rent or years of college tuition ,  anthony anderson note, The quiet murder of the Black community in the white prison with the black individual as a warden, black millionaires and the future of the black community in the usa+western europe as opposed to the black community outside of it, especially in black countries, a truth about nyc, MLK jr on accountability + FIFA , Haiti's absence of leadership made it as a group accept another group, france's financial trap,,  reaffirming the Black party of Governance, , The summation of my Black Party of Governance idea now supported by whites, American Black film festival 2022, Hattie mcdaniel birthday 2022 , Mississippi Masala rereleased , a lesson from taiwanese to all, media popularity + lesbians in prison+eklil hakimi, juneteenth commonality , Emmitt till had a role in the twilight zone , the state of black womens orgasm, Francia MArquez and negra leadership in south america, Criblore from moon ferguson, a reply to greg's way, white women wanting,Filled with MAgic supports abortion , Emmett Till 2022 , the gay spidey, Sister act from Movies that move we, those who wish to become a STorm , Moviesthatmovewe the help , musashden encanto age up , The writer's world, congrats to NOPE , queen of glory nana mensah, knowing when an issue has influence when it is always real in an industry, Nichelle Nichols side Bill Russell spirit flew 7-31-2022 , Cannibis in NYS, MAry Alice and who is to blame for lack of opportunities, Olayemi Olarin on Eric Adams , Tracy Christian the agent , NOPE reviewed from Movies That Move We , Nikki Powerhouse- softest part of her, James webb by gdbee , griner from musk, the fall of the soap opera , if friends aired today  , Peele 3 movies each 100 million, Ka2Ra , Nichelle Nichols from SHawn Alleyne, GDBee weapons fairy series  , Carrie Mae Weems , the multicolor media of the USA , immigration can't solve a groups problems, inequality in children , small publishers from thistle and verse while penguin schuster merger, inflation reduction act, Monica Rambeau, USA gymnastics history, milli vanilli biopic, Nigeria for black models, e e cummings and niggers, whites in black media, megan piphus peace, erotic position school, halle bailey as ariel, Black adult failure using white jewish adult protection of jew children as example, Center for Black Literature at National Black Writers Conference , minority women apply , Being realistic in the USA, Estelle-Sarah Bulle and the negro francophonie, Black people at the juncture again , Sonia sanchez and NYC's public loan forgiveness program, Aimee Bock and why Black people need to leave Black criminals alone, Black voter returns, Elaine THompson-herah inspiration, State of America 2022  ,Philotée Mukiza coffee queen, For black writers concerning antitrust 2022 , Europe is anti immigrant and what does that mean for the black global community, The little mermaid staring Gabriella, Blacks in the USA must learn states matter, LUKE CAGE ON DEEP SPACE NINE chapter 1 from blakkstone, Woman of the woods from Milton J Davis , Olayemi and Rikers and Eric Adams , congrats to Clarence Bateman for winning a illustrators of the future,  DJDonttouchthetrim adult playing, Rival of the bullies sprite film from Mysitc skillz,  John Amos - we were hippies, Epps buyng the block in indianapolis,  Black Lucy and the Bard with Caroline Randall williams side Rhiannon Giddens, Biden and Marijuana, the populace in the usa is making a cycle, A better kwanzaa in 2022 , NYC is broke and people commit financiall crimes, Charles Fuller , 70s Black Cinema, The Woman King 1 and 2 , the 13th amendment, about Richard Murray of AALBC, of subways recidivism 500 billion lost and tattoo mementos , chevelin pierre, movies that move we US kat blaque NOPE Thistle and Verse Black SFFathon , luke cage+deep space nine fan fiction, cosplay beachlime+beloved from movies that move we+this is the end of xion network with tristan roach +sarcasm of charityekezie , Lupita Nyongo and choice , Orgasm, The Lena BAker Domestic Violence and Women's HEalth Summit , Nefertiti and ancient kemet, african energy will mean african power, black women make up the body, florence price, danielle deadwyler, WEB Dubois and sharing the real estate, black calls to voting and voting isn't a law, Her from malachi bailey, african countries joining european unions, Chaka khan and celie, the problem of philosophical race ,  adult art meetup+grandmas place+wanakande side talokanil are similar how? , unspoken film+kindred from octavia butler+joseph bologne , usa at its core , nyc fashion week 2022 caribeme magazine , Wakanda forever and the lens to view work, massage, wakanda forever q&a , Elvis mitchell + betty gabriel+westcoast blues all stars+demuz comics , Nate PArker , wakanda forever good news side schrumpf bad news in one day, Endea Owens, Imani PErry side Kwame Braithwaite, Someone has to lose the question is who in reply to blksultry007 , writers who can't draw come forth, jacinda townsend,  hip hop turns 50, giving thanks 2022 , majorities in minorities, emancipation or manumission with Will smith , hbcu game+finding your roots open call+black hebrew israelites+ humour, You people with eddie murphy, 2022 fiyah blackspecfic report , karl blackkkstone on afrofuturism , Sonia Sanchez honor CBL, black superhhero coloring book , octavia tried to tell us - kindred on hulu , Black folk in 1925, ?
    TECH
    Kinematic self-replication in reconfigurable organisms , ?
  16. richardmurray

    A White House Carol

    By richardmurray,


    Literature
    A White House Carol 
    From  
    Richard Murray 
     
     
    In the morning and afternoon, in Christmas eve, in the year two thousand and seventeen: tweets, blogs, news anchors, or other modern media personnel utter out variances to President Trump; the year, is near complete, when the President try to climb above: rigid governing party line, violent tribalism, backstabbing factions, or other negative partitioning structures throughout humanity; but he fail in making positive partitioning structures, while ever increasing problems generate from the early or hopeful deals; now, dedicate to making a deal that will win all, he is in his bad alone; demand from his doctor can not be ignore; he stay awake while the moon peer in his temporary home and eventually he fall into sleep, and the clock strike ten. ...  
     
     
    Trump feel a pinch on his left foot, and shuffle; easy to incense, he notice a light figure and look to call the secret service.  
     
     
    "Why do you modern presidents always do that"  
     
     
    Trump expect to hear a voice through the phone; none arrive after many button are press, and he calm his nerves; his eye set to the light figure, and he notice a human visage; he cry out to his guard. 
     
     
    "I have all night, which is as long as you want it"  
     
     
    "Don't hurt me"  
     
     
    "You have already hurt yourself... but I am here to guide you"  
     
     
    Trump collect his thoughts and say: "who are you?"  
     
     
    "Monroe... James Monroe"  
     
     
    Trump think for moments 
     
     
    "You had us align chronologically in the hall, sequentially I am between Madison and Quincy Adams"  
     
     
    Trump still ponder 
     
     
    "That does not matter, do you have an idea to why I am here"  
     
     
    "Not at all, really... I really don't"  
     
     
    "I am here to warn you"  
     
     
    "Warn me about what?!"  
     
     
    The eyelids from the light figure close and it grimace extremely  
     
     
    "It is amazing how the living is free from the pain absent time while treasuring a handful from moments in their life"  
     
     
    Trump is in disconnect or confuse. Monroe turn round and set his back to Trump. Trump jump out from his bed to the door, witnessing creatures eat the entire backside from James Monroe.  
     
     
    "Do not fear them Trump, but heed their warning!"  
     
     
    "And what is that... Monroe"  
     
     
    "The harshness that your eventuality can bring"  
     
     
    "Listen, I don't understand, I really do not comprehend"  
     
     
    "Of Course you do not, none of us did..."  
     
     
    Monroe turn to the window and a loud shriek come into the room.  
     
     
    "What was that!"  
     
     
    "That was Jackson"  
     
     
    "Andrew Jackson, I don't believe it, he was a great president"  
     
     
    "Great... yes, he was great, but you confuse great to good, you see his deals, domination, expansions, and you see power, prestige, but side that was cruelty, treachery, sinful pride, a hardness that never bent... and so he bends now... look!"  
     
     
    Trump go onto his bed and hide under sheets 
     
     
    "You can not hide from the truth"  
     
     
    Trump, encase in covers, is raise above the bed; he cry out: "what are you doing?!"  
     
     
    "Nothing... you still do not see"  
     
     
    The cover about Trump is peel away and a thing, pull his arms out, while in the air; and, pull his eyelids back; he shrieks seeing Andrew Jackson bent like a taco being burn or frozen in various places.  
     
     
    "Do you see now Trump..."  
     
     
    Monroe point to another place and Trump is place there. In terror Trump say: "Who is that!"  
     
     
    "It is John Tyler... do you recall him"  
     
     
    Trump turn away and say:"no"  
     
     
    "He made a choice to betray those whom he was supposed to stand by, instead he tried to appease those that did not like him and in that imbalance, as you can see, many people were tore apart from those that was part to who they were, now he has to continually tear at his body, bands from one side to the other"  
     
     
    Trump squeeze his eyes shut after hearing Tyler cry louder; the spirit tear at itself, left hand to right torso or right hand to left torso, tearing roughly while skin fall or blood spill. Trump is set down. 
     
     
    "Am I in hell?"   
     
     
    "Calm yourself, you are alive and getting a chance to make your passed time better, you are not in hell"  
     
     
    "But I don't get this at all... did my predecessor have a night like this"  
     
     
    "Yes"  
     
     
    "Why didn't he say something?"  
     
     
    "Would you had listened or had any respect to the man"  
     
     
    Trump look down  
     
     
    "Of course now, besides you don't see the cause to this"  
     
     
    "What is the cause!"  
     
     
    "The presidency itself, the position like all powerful chairs binds whomever sit in it. Some chairs let you dream the lies you made or keep you isolated side your biggest failure... this chair torments you using your errors"  
     
     
    Monroe approach Trump and offer, the mortal, a comfort or pat on the back. Trump jitter nervously.  
     
     
    "Don't you see, none of us can manipulate you, only guide you hoping you will see what you have to do and I see you will have a long night... to that end you will be visited tonight by three ghosts: purpose, community, truth and it is time for me to go"  
     
     
    "But wait Monroe, if you always do this, why not come earlier"  
     
     
    "I do not always do this"  
     
     
    "But why come here then, you are not my ancestor... why not Washington"  
     
     
    "It is simple, you are most like me... like you, I wanted to bring Columbia back to what I thought was a greater time... I did not see, how many were hurt from cruel people I empowered through my plan to bring everyone together. I learned that uniting all peoples can not occur on one people's terms or ... or... you get these creatures knowing at all I don't see including my own reverse... if any of us match a new president, the chair choose us to warn you on Christmas Eve"  
     
     
    Monroe suddenly yell and scream; the creatures are bigger on her back while, a thing, lift him to beyond the window, about his peer.  
     
     
    Trump go to the window and in horror see Abraham Lincoln; the father to the Republican party melting away from a blob like thing emanating form his skull; he notice Monroe is set face up while the creatures attach to a void; he call out to Monroe, but the pain overtook the spirit.  
     
     
    Trump step back and notice the thing whose own skin is trying to suffocate it is Thomas Jefferson; he only notice through a moment to normal as the skin grow back and peel off into the mouth from Jefferson.  
     
     
    Trump turn and jump into bed. 
     
     
    "Mad spirit... bah humbug, that is the stupidest thing ever, I will find out who did this and they will pay"  
     
     
    The light dim and return to the state before, while the: howls, yells, or screams fade.  
     
     
    "I need a drink... some nice egg nog"   
     
     
    And Trump put on his slippers and prepare to travel the hallway; he open the door and people are sitting all about on a lawn. Trump rush to go back into the room and close the door.  
     
     
    "Donald Trump!": announce a booming voice; again, it speak the same.  
     
     
    Trump run to his bed, slippers on, and hide under the cover; after moments, he hear a voice say: "you can not evade me, my purpose is clear" ; and some grab the covers and pull them off him.  
     
     
    Trump sense bright light and know his room is not present; he say: "please don't hurt me"  
     
     
    The voice gently say: "Monroe told you the truth and you can not stop this so the harder you make my situation, the longer and more painful it will be for you"  
     
     
    Trump open his eyelids and see the lawn where people sit, surround his bed; he ask worryfull: "who are you?"  
     
     
    A voice from a person standing behind a podium in a distance speak:"come here and you will learn"  
     
     
    Trump walk between two long columns in a narrow isle, not a seat empty, every face look to him; a little fatigue he try to see, looking to the horizon, where any row end; but none seem to end.  
     
     
    "Come on Trump... you can make it, you walked far less than this"  
     
     
    Trump reach the podium and the man put out his hand.  
     
     
    "Welcome Trump, I am William Henry Harrison, your ghost of Christmas purpose"  
     
     
    "I don't recall your presidency"  
     
     
    "Yes, most do not know of it. I caused my death in a place like this"  
     
     
    "Assassination"  
     
     
    "Well, yes, through natural forces... they were the bullet, the gun was my love to speaking"  
     
     
    "I am a pretty good motivator"  
     
     
    "... well, remember that essay in the New York Times"  
     
     
    "Listen, I spoke the truth"  
     
     
    "Ha ha ha... yes, you spoke as you saw fit, the most truthful intention... but not the truth in the scenario"  
     
     
    "Ok listen, I am a pretty smart guy, where is my past, where is that woman that I mistreated... who I grew up with"  
     
     
    "Ha... yes, you still do not see. This is not Dicken's fable. this is real. you were given a choice already, a choice in every moment in your life, but you failed to choose positively to yourself side others, usually only to yourself"  
     
     
    "I don't have to listen to this, this is ridiculous"  
     
     
    Trump try to walk away but is unable to.  
     
     
    "You were told, the chair has decided"  
     
     
    "Well can I just talk to the chair then, and forego talking to you or your two friend"  
     
     
    "No but I will help you, as talking is my skill too... this chair started when Opechanacanough"  
     
     
    "Who!" 
     
     
    "An old native leader... on his death bed cursed whoever led the English colonist"  
     
     
    "But what does that have to do with the U.S.A."  
     
     
    "Patience, please do not interrupt like that... led the English colonist to suffer the pain from all their failure as he id in his life, to his own, that English colony, Virginia, would be led from George Washington who would be the first president to the U.S.A."  
     
     
    "So because of Virginia, the U.S.A. has to suffer?"  
     
     
    "No because of those european... White colonists, presidents will suffer long after they think they can not"  
     
     
    "That guy was a fool, should had used his magic to win a victory"  
     
     
    "Magic, mathematics, science... all mean knowledge, how often has humanity used the knowledge it is modernly eager to acquire to positive use... not vain, individualistic goals that hurt others"  
     
     
    "You do what you gotta do"  
     
     
    "Yes a saying that seem very purposeful yet lack mentioning the sacrifice to undo what others did before"  
     
     
    "You have said your case, is that it"  
     
     
    "No you have some more guest"  
     
     
    "If they are like you, this should be a cakewalk"  
     
     
    "Why do you say that?"  
     
     
    "You are just standing in front of this immense crowd, not great cause no one is talking, but a great crowd"  
     
     
    "You do not see, my talking caused my death, got pneumonia, lasted for a few weeks, from my own memory"  
     
     
    "So the chair is unfair to punish you"  
     
     
    "No, when you accept a chair like this, the time spent is irrelevant, and my punishment is my mouth, every time I talk another person is added, the columns or rows grow, I am surrounded by all the possibilities my pride or vanity did not allow"  
     
     
    "These people are not people you know"  
     
     
    "No, they are people my lack of purpose did not make happen. And that is my point to you Trump. Be purposeful, vain advertisements do nothing except lead to a quicker death"  
     
     
    A person in the front row get up. Trump shuffle frightingly. Harrison say: "remember" as he side Trump are surround from the former sitters; they brush past Trump but the first one nearest Harrison hit the ghost in the face; and the mob assault Harrison through: rips, pulls, hits, bites, kicks; they each hit any part to the body they can access while Harrison wail. Trump see people at the horizon in every angle, riotous; he step back in fear to the refrigerator in the kitchen; it take moments for him to cognize his position; he open the refrigerator door, hurrying, and lift liquor to his lips.  
     
     
    A door open and Trump cry out: "please leave me be"  
     
     
    "Sir": say a secret service agent. 
     
     
    "Oh... I apologize Jim... Listen, can you walk me back to my room"  
     
     
    "Of course Mr. President... is everything all right"  
     
     
    "Yes... lets walk... how is your family"  
     
     
    "They are fine sir, we will enjoy tomorrow, got a good surprise for the kids"  
     
     
    "Good, good... well listen, come with me into my room"  
     
     
    "Sir, step back, give me a moment"  
     
     
    The secret service agent communicate to others as Trump stand in the hall way; Trump watch him go into the room; Trump notice a secret service man in front to him, suddenly.  
     
     
    "It is okay sir": say a secret service agent behind Trump, startling him.  
     
     
    The door to Trump room open and Jim usher the President in.  
     
     
    "Do you want me to stay in the room sir"  
     
     
    "Yes Jim"  
     
     
    Trump go into his bed, and relax, certain no spirit will make itself known, now that a guard is present; he slowly rest or relax; before he can nod off he hear a tap; he try to ignore his fear and hear more taps. Trump open his eyelids and see a man he cognize tapping Jim.  
     
     
    "Herbert Hoover"  
     
     
    "Yes, I am glad you know me"  
     
     
    "You were a winner and it is nice knowing you are similar to me"  
     
     
    "Not in personal terms Trump. I was an engineer, a fiscal operator who never went bankrupt on fiscal maturity. Did you ever think to learn architecture, or engineering a building construction?"  
     
     
    Trump is frustrate: "then what do we have in common"  
     
     
    "We both believe... had faith in business, in individuality overcoming collective woes, especially in this country, we are both businessmen"  
     
     
    "We are both right"  
     
     
    "This is not about right or wrong Trump, it is a curse, and we both do not or at least I never saw the truth. Fiscal prosperity, growth benefited us both personally, made life seem like a win if only government get out of the way, as in your bankruptcy, I did not see how greater fiscal allowance never gained the collective value but only disempowered the fiscally poor more"  
     
     
    "That stance on prohibition was a bad call"  
     
     
    "Yes, but one I made, cause like you, I talked community only in spirit, not in function and in trying to favor government responsibility in the cultural aspects I neglected many who never had the means to fly or allowed by their fellows to do so... efficiency... efficiency to the enabled is blocked by the successful inefficient"  
     
     
    "So your my ghost to Christmas community"  
     
     
    "Yes"  
     
     
    Jim suddenly fall and break into pieces.  
     
     
    "It is alright, your friend is safe, just a scare tactic, but it is not for you"  
     
     
    Trump is in a puzzlement while Hoover bend over and slowly progress to the floor. 
     
     
    "Are you still here Trump?!"  
     
     
    "Yes... oh god, oh god your blind"  
     
     
    "I can not see you any more, or feel your skin... as you may guess my pain is to hurt form what I can not stop, hinder, or prepare to"  
     
     
    Trump watch Hoover crawl on the broken pieces, that is Jim, blood dripping and yet unable to cry out or feel the shards position. Trump turn away from the horror, kneeling to pray or bed or wail. Thunder sound, wind howls all about Trump; he rise from a kneeling position on the white house lawn; a man appear before him; and he say:"you are not death or the ghost of Christmas future"  
     
     
    "No, I am your ghost of Christmas truth"  
     
     
    "And what is your pain?"  
     
     
    "Simple to see truth, totally throughout my soul, unable to discard or hide it"  
     
     
    "Well what do you want to talk about, certainly not my essays or finance"   
     
     
    "As you have guessed, your campaign"  
     
     
    "What happened is in the past, aren't you here to give me a chance to be better, if I can't escape the curse, why do this"  
     
     
    "You still do not see... like you I did not see truth. I saw signs the rules from my past or in my present were cracking, and I lied to myself about what needed to be done. In the end my actions to maintain order or justice led to alot of pain"  
     
     
    "Well, can I go now"  
     
     
    "I hope you see, your post mortem pain is inescapable, but if you lessen it, you may make the wait easier"  
     
     
    "The wait, to what!"  
     
     
    "To the destruction of the chair, which can only happen when Opechanacanough's curse is satisfied"   
     
     
    "But from all the talk I heard tonight from you lame spirits, no deal is possible"  
     
     
    "Your wrong... we may get lucky and a truly positive or great leader may arrive or..."  
     
     
    "Or what"  
     
     
    "Or the U.S.A.  falls, absent a community to govern the chair is nothing"  
     
     
    "Well, that will not happen in my lifetime!"  
     
     
    "The truth is, I do not know but I saw quite a few presidents before you and... you give me hope"  
     
     
    A complete lightness totally surround Trump or the spirit. Trump ponder, looking round.  
     
     
    "This is energy from the chair"  
     
     
    "I thought evil was black"  
     
     
    "You know already, evil come in all colors... and I leave you to what you wanted an audience too"  
     
     
    "Wait! I get to go home yes... I really got work to do"  
     
     
    "You must stay"  
     
     
    The spirit begin to fade. 
     
     
    "Who are you?!"  
     
     
    "You can call me Pierce... never forget, acting against the truth will lead to fire, unconsumable fire to the chair"  
     
     
    The spirit, name Pierce, merge into the lightness. 
     
     
    Trump feel hear as the lightness approach; his hand burn as it get closer and he scream and scream and scream... and wake while the sun beam on his face. Trump sit up silent or disquiet; he wonder to his guest and is startle when his Christmas day breakfast come in.  
     
     
    Later, in the morning, Kelly Anne Conway is about to start the morning tweet plan when she is halt from President Trump; and he say: "It is time to speak to the press about my new plan"; she ask:"What is the basics?"; and he reply... 
     

     The Beginning
     
    Check out my ebooks- the free one is noted, please read/enjoy/give me your response:
    Sunset Children Stories: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/sunset-children-stories  
    Looking West and West: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/looking-west-and-west  
    Janidogo: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-janidogo  
    The Gospel of Joseph: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/gospel-of-joseph  
    The Nyotenda FREE : https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-nyotenda   Includes a comic. The following link is an excerpt LINK
  17. richardmurray

    RIchard Murray Creative Table

    By richardmurray,


    creatve list
    Dear Readers, 
    I tend to enjoy reading various articles on writing , the industry, the concepts, et cetera. parallel to craft articles. These topics can be fun or engaging. As some of you know, I have a controlled electronic footprint, meaning, I don't keep old posts. This blog never had fifteen posts and never will cause I don't like ejunk. But, I realize, aside my posts to what I created and create, I need a post to just chit chat if you will. So this post will serve that function, through its comments I will posts various topics concerning writing. 
     
    Work Cloud  
    EBook List- see below , Onmyoji Contest Entry ,  Pacific Rim contest Entry , Bettering American Poetry Anthology Entry , White House Carol , Maple Me entry , We Happy Few Wellington Wells entry,   Fiyah Magazine-  , Killens Review-, Audiobook list , Concrete Fables
    Creative Cloud
    Questions to think about ,  How We Define Art a response ,  Lessons from Last Action Hero  ,   Black Soldiers fighting for the British against the USA during USA secession why no memorial  ,  Levar Burton Reads ,   Ethiopian apocalyptic film ,  Is Biography the biggest genre today circa 2018 ,  if they remade Cleopatra jones? ,  which cliche you dislike most? ,  Grammar Check , those who write love are making money, have you done a collaboration .. on a train , be your character on social media , who are afro latinos ? ,  a short history to the internet , What describe best the Native American experience in fiction ,  Get Out early - what do you think compared to the final film? ,  Prince and religious friction in film ,  Let us compose something together using these rules, what other language will you say if you can? ,  AALBC community book- in progress till made ,  not any time soon but... ,  A Glengarry Lead ,  silhouette in film ,  Get Out defined , inspiration listings,  the return of poetry and some fun , written and sun by Aretha Franklin ,  Unconventional art  , Der Tchrumpfs ,  Selections from poetry through the native female pen , a question to multiculturalism , Nonqonqo in A Warm December , Peola Edit- Immitation To Life 1934 , concealed carry models , Ann Gorman Edit- Follow Me Quietly 1949 , censoring online , MLKjr2019 , Black Party to governance , Star spangled why, Audio EXcerpts , False Civility , US , Glass submission story , code geass, Juju webseries official poster , acting , lee daniels workshop , black anti immigration , silent sundays , a positive child bride story? , a fictional character to be president of the usa? , Ta-Nehisi Coates , George Lucas , open marriage in fiction, kobo audiobook , Fiyah nanowrimo writing groups , Black Solidarity day 2019 , The Comeback Of Sexual Chocolate , no time to die poster content , Overdrive  , lt uhura dollypartonchallenge , emoney, a day and most night at the uffizi , raprushmore , Malcolm 2020 , daylight savings time 382020 , the black fratrem , a saint patrick day past, heavymetal sixart challenge, startwithlove , to arbery from maurice jackson, from owner's choice to merit , FIYAHCON 1 , Flashfiction 7142020 , Radical Racer , 20th anniversary Deviantart , the ethics of lust , Sanctimony Literature  , ? 
    Calligraphy Mirror
    Kiss of a dagger , Angelique Noire , ?
    Anthology Sentences
    Breonna Taylor , ?
    Engineering  Cloud
    Fixing Plastic ,  Blacksmithing Basics ,  multi electromagnetic wave observation ,  AMP in Email , Makers jobs or cosplay , ? 
    Email Gazette Fragments
    fifth issue , tenth issue, eleventh issue , twelfth, thirteenth , fifteenth ,sixteenth, seventeenth ,eighteenth , 19/20/21/23 ,24/25/27/29/30/31/32 , 33/34/35/36/37 ,38/39/40/41/42/43 , 44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53/54 , 55/56/57/58/59/60/61 , 62/63/64/65/66 , 67/68/69/70, 71/72/73/74/75/76 , 77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90 , 91<->130 , ?
    Question Cloud
    The Internet without the USA, are marvel movies theme parks or cinema, joker of our times , the greatest native american warrior in film , is dr serikawa the special effect , isn't it time for a pro nazi german film, Ligt and Daenerys  , liking online , what does joker 2 after the joker film with joaquim phoenix mean , when is a culture allowable  , history book Kamala Harris side Corey Booker , who will be your fictional fertilizer , MLK jr. day 1202020 , what tropes are you tired of , still alive obstinate , What is the July 5th speech fo FRederick DOuglass ,Has the Black community in the usa repeated the mistake of the black soldiers of the 13 colonies throughout its existence in the usa, 9112020 , ?
     
    EBook LIST
    Richard Murray Short Story Collections Kobo Link OverDrive Link
    JIHI series Kobo Link Overdrive Link
    Poetry or More Audiobook link Kobo Link
    Visasiki Audiobook link Kobo Link
    Gospel of Joseph Kobo Link Overdrive Link
    Richard Murray Collages Kobo Link
    SanaTambo Versions Overdrive Link Kobo English Kobo Francais Kobo Portugues Kobo 日本語 Kobo 中文
    Der Tchrumpfs Kobo
     
    Below is a collage i made to Ty Wilson Art

    Be Safe
  18. richardmurray
    December Solstice art or text craft parade 
     The December Solstice is December 21st 11:19 pm EST or UTC-5 , it is the beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere, summer in the southern hemisphere 
     share photos of art OR text of fiction 
     The photos can be to->sculpture/knitting or sewing/graffiti/tattoo or any craft depicting Black people in summer in the southern hemisphere, any country <south america/caribbean/africa/south asia/australia> OR  Black people in winter in the northern hemisphere, any country <north america/europe/northern asia> 
     The text can only be fiction based on the following: Black person or peoples at the first day or summer or winter  
       STORY 1 : https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-december-solstice-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=963
    Story 2: https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-december-solstice-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=964
     
    November 28th  
    Native American Harvest Art 
     Thanksgiving is November 28th , share photos of art OR text of fiction 
     The photos can be to->sculpture/knitting or sewing/graffiti/tattoo concerning Native Americans enjoying food only -can include Black seminoles- no colonists from europe 
     The text can only be fiction based on the following: Native Americans communities around harvest - black seminoles allowed- no colonist from europe  
       https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-native-american-harvest-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=961
     
    November 11  
    Veterans day is November 11th, share photos of art OR test of fiction, guest comments are allowed 
     The photos can be to->sculpture/knitting or sewing/graffiti/tattoo concerning Black Veterans, any country any time, any army 
     The text can only be fiction based on the following: Black Soldiers who fought against the USA for the british/ Black soldiers during the Haitian Freeing/ Black Seminoles during the time of osceola/jonas caballo/Black soldiers who fought for Menelik II in the first Abyssinian-italo war 
    story 1
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-veterans-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=959
    story 2
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-veterans-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=960
     
    October 31st Halloween, Oct 31st to Nov 1st is Samhain, mid september equinox to december solstice
    The time of final main harvest before the winter. look at this dog, the ghost:) https://0512-97.tumblr.com/post/631277935457878016
     Story 1
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-halloween-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=957
    Story 2
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-halloween-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=958
     
     
    October 12th indigenous peoples day - present a story of text or images that reflect Black Indigenous people of the USA or the greater american continent
     
    September Equinox- it is september 22nd 13:31 UTC equate to 8:31 utc-5, it is the beginning of fall  in the northern hemisphere, spring in the southern hemisphere < http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/soleq2001.html  >  
     share photos of art OR text of fiction 
     The photos can be to->sculpture/knitting or sewing/graffiti/tattoo or any craft depicting Black people in spring in the southern hemisphere, any country <south america/caribbean/africa/south asia/australia> OR  Black people in fall in the northern hemisphere, any country <north america/europe/northern asia> 
     The text can only be fiction based on the following: Black person or peoples at the first day of spring or fall 
     Story 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-september-equinox-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=948
    Story 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-september-equinox-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=949
     
    September 21st international day of peace- a story of peace 
     https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-september-equinox-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=947
     
    September 7th – Mrs. moses, born 1860 was a painter from new york state, began painting at 78,a story of an older person painting 
     
    Statian LAbor Day- First monday of September-a story of john henry in the usa 
     
    Ray Bradbury birthday August 22nd- I quote him: "Libraries raised me... I couldn't go to college, so I went to the library three days a week for ten years" Submit a story using three random things, solid/liquid/gas/eectromagnetic in the room where you sleep, utilizing a book in some fashion in the story. 
     
    Cat Nights begin on August 17th - display any text or art concerning cats. <Cat Nights begin on August 17. This term harks back to the days when people believed in witches. A rather obscure old Irish legend said that a witch could turn herself into a cat eight times, but on the ninth time (August 17), she couldn’t regain her human form. This bit of folklore also gives us the saying, “A cat has nine lives.” Because August is a yowly time for cats, this may have prompted the speculation about witches on the prowl in the first place. Also, nights continue to get longer. Cats, crepuscular creatures, are nocturnal hunters. Their superior night vision means that the nights belong to them. citing>  
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-black-cowboy-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=943  
       
    Mid June Solstice to september equinox, Midsummer eve < equal distant days between the June Solstice and the September Equinox, august 6th or 7th in 2020, ? 2021 >  Usually celebrated August 1st , also called Lammas
    This is a free subject time, think of your dreams or compose any art or prose to any subject.  
       
    Black Cowboy day- In the USA , National Cowboy day is july 25th so I say, give this day to art, text full of imagination for the black cowboy  
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-saint-mary-magdalene-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=938  
       
    Saint Mary MAgdalene- the catholic saint day is the 22nd of july, i say she warrant better, what is your craft to her?  
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-aphelion-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=936  
       
    Aphelion is July 4th 11:04pm in 2020, the Aphelion for earth is when the earth is farthest from the sun, in its eliptical orbit. If you consider the Perihelion the beginning of a year, then the Aphelion is the trust midyear point. Every planet around the sun has an aphelion. Earth's moon like all other moons has a similar action, called an apogee to a planet, where a moon is farthest from the planet it rotates around, by having an elliptical orbit.  
    Story 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-aphelion-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=923  
    Story 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-aphelion-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=924  
         
     Midsummer day June 24th - summer in europe or other places was culturally started in May and ended at the end of august. Thus late july was called midsummer. Usually between June19th and june 25th. What dream did you have?  
       
    Father's day is june 21st  
    Story 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-june-solstice-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=911  
    Story 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-fathers-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=912  
       
    The June Solstice , in 2020, is on the 20th, it will be in the moment 5:43 PM on Saturday 
     In the northern hemisphere summer begin, in the  southern hemisphere winter begin. 
     The sun will appear to be at its highest point in the sky in the northern hemisphere, the lowest point in the sky in the southern hemisphere. 
     In parallel, during the December solstice, in the northern hemisphere it begins winter, in the southern hemipshere summer 
     The sun will appear to be at its lowest point in the sky in the northern hemisphere , while the highest in the southern hemisphere  
    EQuinox, the path of the sun crosses the equator of earth extended out into space or the celestial equator.  
    Story 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-june-solstice-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=909  
    Story 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-june-solstice-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=910  
       
    Juneteenth is July 19th , a day celebrated as the day when all black people in the usa knew that the slave system had been destroyed, not legally abolished, which is the 13th amendment.  State text or graphics depicting Juneteenth to you.  
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-juneteenth-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=908  
       
    Flag Day <june 14th , June 14, 1777 the usa flag was adopted : "That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.">- commemorating the Flag of the usa. IT is not a federal holiday. But, what does the USA flag mean to you? I ask for various text or graphics depicting that feeling. Here is some trivia. When is a star supposed to be added when a state is added to the union?  
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-flag-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=905  
       
    Memorial Day <last monday of may originally may 30th, originally called decoration day> - create writing or art that involve the the death of Black soldiers who died serving on the battlefield for the us military or others. I ask a query? https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-aphelion-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=914  
       
    Joan or Arc canonized <may 16th>+ Jumping Frog Jubilee <every third weekend in may, honoring MArk Twain's first published work>  
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-mothers-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=901  
       
    Mother's Day is May 10th , Photos or text involving art /live model/stories involving black mothers  
    Story 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-mothers-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=897  
    Story 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-mothers-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=899  
       
    May 1st, Floralia or festival of Flora/ hellenistic Chloris or Communists/socialists international workers day for incident involving a workers march on may day, make a story concerning flowers and labor across flag borders, excluding the usa , also called May Eve ,  or MidSpring or Mid march equinox to june solstice
     
    Earth Day, is april 22nd, show art or text or fiction involving the earth  
    Story 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-earth-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=894  
    Story 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-earth-day-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=895  
       
    Eostre  
    Easter is April 12th in the year 2020, the name is derived from Ēostre the real or unreal germanic goddess but the date and most modern traditions refer to Pascha which roughly translates to passover, the Jewish holiday. But, I want to focus on  Ēostre. For easter, include the real or unreal traditions attributed to Eostre, like rabbits, or make your own.You can show photos of art OR text of fiction 
     The photos can be to->sculpture/knitting or sewing/graffiti/tattoo or any craft depicting Eostra real or unreal traditions 
     The text can only be fiction based on the following: Real or unreal traditons of Eostre. Orthodox catholic easter comes a week after roman catholic easter.  
    Story 1 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-eostre-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=892  
    Story 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-eostre-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=893  
       
    April Fool's day April 1st  
    http://houyhnhnm.github.io/aprilfool/index.html  
       
    March Equinox art or text craft parade 
     The March Equinox is March 19th 11:49 pm EST UTC -5 , it is the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere, fall in the southern hemisphere 
     share photos of art OR text of fiction 
     The photos can be to->sculpture/knitting or sewing/graffiti/tattoo or any craft depicting Black people in fall in the southern hemisphere, any country <south america/caribbean/africa/south asia/australia> OR  Black people in spring in the northern hemisphere, any country <north america/europe/northern asia> 
     The text can only be fiction based on the following: Black person or peoples at the first day of spring or fall  
    AALBC STORY  
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-march-equinox-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=878  
    Story 2 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-eostre-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=890   
    Story 3 https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-eostre-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=891  
       
    Saint PAtrick day  
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-eostre-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=889  
       
    Mardi Gras is February 25th in the year 2020. I ask you to make a journal of your day in New Orleans during mardi using photos from wherever you like to paruse  
    Story 1 :  https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-eostre-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=885  
    Story 2 : https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/261-eostre-art-or-text-craft-parade-good-news-blog/?do=findComment&comment=886  
         
    Black Hearts Day or Valentine's Day good news - 
     Any Love , story or image stating Black love, any language, any geography, any religion. Love is meant to be shared everyday,but giving it a day in the year to itself is not an evil or bad thing. Enjoy Black people together. 
     In the usa it is feb 14th  
    Richard Murray Valentines day album 2020 LINK  
    Mid dec solstice to march equinox,  Midwinter day in the northern hemisphere- called imbolc , ussally celebrated on february 2nd , which is also groundhog day in the usa
    ?
    Martin Luther King junior Day -  
    His actual birthday is the fifteenth of january but the federal holiday is in a monday for three day weekends, like others. It is celebrated on the third monday in the month of january in every year since its inception in the Statian Empire. I ask you to share , historical fictions/prose/graphical artwork in any style concerning MArtin Luther King jr....I do wonder why Blacks in the U.S.A. can not come together and demand a true day off for this federal notice. And also share, officials days in a country outside the usa for a black person in history?  
    In Amendment  
    Why the holiday is on his the third monday and not his true birthday?  
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act  
    MLK jr's views on Financial Accountability  
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnKP__N7MNI 
     MY 2020 speech  
    https://aalbc.com/tc/blogs/entry/194-richard-murray-creative-table/page/7/?tab=comments#comment-820  
       Marcus Garvey Birthday Jan 17th
    January Perihelion  
    The perihelion is the moment in the path the Earth make about the Sun ,elliptical orbit, where the Earth's position is closest to the sun. It will occur : January 5, 2020 2:47 am EST or UTC-5. The June Aphelion is when the earth is farthest away. Please provide any art or text concerning  a sun coming closer, and don't try the twilight zone episode.  
       
    YEAR MARK  
       
    EXTRA  
    A Day, and Most Night, At The Uffizi  
    Daylight savings time 2020  
    Arcane Idol 2020  
     
  19. richardmurray

    BlackGamesElite

    By richardmurray,


    groupproject
    BlackGamesElite is the name of a group or a project I initiated to do the following, in no order
    Create and maintain a gaming group , pan phenotypical in composure, with a purpose to have positive dialog/communication/debate/design of games involving Black people aside assessing all things games; Black people is defined as those of a certain phenotype, skin tone range, gardless of their geographic based lineage/heritage/culture/gender/age/language or other racial factor Start a Black Owned Gaming company Have FUN  
    The Group Page that will serve as the totally public depository for member development concerning game development projects- it has a newsletter for those interested in following the journey
    https://aalbc.com/tc/clubs/5-blackgameselite/
    The frontpage to the games developed in the group
    http://houyhnhnm.github.io/BlackGamesElite/
    Companion books to the games- for fun or interest
    Coming soon
  20. richardmurray
    How?
    The first successful numerical prediction was performed using the ENIAC digital computer in 1950 by a team led by American meteorologist Jule Charney. The team include Philip Thompson, Larry Gates, and Norwegian meteorologist Ragnar Fjørtoft, applied mathematician John von Neumann, and computer programmer Klara Dan von Neumann, M. H. Frankel, Jerome Namias, John C. Freeman Jr., Francis Reichelderfer, George Platzman, and Joseph Smagorinsky.[THE ENIAC FORECASTS A Re-creation ][The Unheralded Contributions of Klara Dan von Neumann][A Vast Machine] They used a simplified form of atmospheric dynamics based on solving the barotropic vorticity equation over a single layer of the atmosphere, by computing the geopotential height of the atmosphere's 500 millibars (15 inHg) pressure surface.[Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation] This simplification greatly reduced demands on computer time and memory, so the computations could be performed on the relatively primitive computers of the day.[https://archive.org/details/stormwatcherstur00cox_df1/page/208/mode/2up] When news of the first weather forecast by ENIAC was received by Richardson in 1950, he remarked that the results were an "enormous scientific advance."[The origins of computer weather prediction and  climate modeling] The first calculations for a 24‑hour forecast took ENIAC nearly 24 hours to produce,[The origins of computer weather prediction and  climate modeling] but Charney's group noted that most of that time was spent in "manual operations", and expressed hope that forecasts of the weather before it occurs would soon be realized.[Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation]
     
    ARTICLES
     
    THE ENIAC FORECASTS A Re-creation 
    https://maths.ucd.ie/~plynch/Publications/ENIAC-BAMS-08.pdf
     
    The Unheralded Contributions of Klara Dan von Neumann
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/meet-computer-scientist-you-should-thank-your-phone-weather-app-180963716/
    Despite having no formal mathematical training, she was a key figure in creating the computer that would later launch modern weather prediction
    Sarah Witman
    June 16, 2017
     
    Editor's note, May 20, 2021: We’ve updated this piece to more accurately reflect Klara Dan von Neumann’s contributions to the experiment that resulted in the first numerical weather predictions in 1950. The piece originally misstated that Klara was in charge of hand-punching and managing the 100,000 punchcards that served as the ENIAC’s read/write memory, when in fact she wasn’t present for this part of the experiment. The story has been re-edited to reflect this information.
     
    A weather app is a nifty tool that predicts your meteorological future, leveraging the strength of satellites, supercomputers, and other modern devices to tell you when to pack an umbrella. Today, computerized weather prediction—like moving pictures or seatbelts in cars—is so commonplace that most smartphone users don’t give it a second thought. But in the early 20th century, the idea that you might be able to forecast the weather days or even weeks ahead was a tantalizing prospect. One of the most important breakthroughs in weather forecasting took place in the spring of 1950, during an experiment at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, a U.S. Army facility in Maryland. For 33 days and nights, a team of scientists and computer technicians worked tirelessly to achieve something that meteorologists had been working toward for decades: predict the weather mathematically. This was well before the age of pocket-sized, or even desktop, computers. The team—led by scientists Jule Charney, Ragnar Fjørtoft, John Freeman, George Platzman, and Joseph Smagorinsky—was using one of the world’s first computers: a finicky, 150-foot machine called ENIAC that had been developed during the recent World War. Platzman would later describe a complicated, 16-step process they repeated over and over: six steps for the ENIAC to run their calculations, and 10 steps to input instructions and record output on punch-cards. Minor errors forced them to redo hours—sometimes days—of work. In one tense moment, a computer operator’s thumb got caught in the machinery, temporarily halting operations. But at the end of the month, the team had produced six groundbreaking weather forecasts (well, technically, "hindcasts," since they used data from past storms to demonstrate the method). An article in the New York Times hailed the project as a way to “lift the veil from previously undisclosed mysteries connected with the science of weather forecasting.” The benefits to agriculture, shipping, air travel and other industries “were obvious,” weather experts told the Times, offering the potential to save crops, money, and lives. An internal Weather Bureau memo commended “these men” for proving that computer-based forecasting, the cornerstone of modern weather prediction, was possible. This was mostly true—except, it wasn’t just men. Numerous women played critical scientific roles in the experiment, for which they earned little to no credit at the time.

    Two computer operators, Ruth Lichterman (left) and Marlyn Wescoff (right), wire the right side of the ENIAC with a new program in the pre-von Neumann era. US Army, via Historic Computers Images of the ARL Technical Library
    Like the ENIAC’s first programmers—Jean Bartik, Betty Holberton, Kathleen Antonelli, Marlyn Meltzer, Ruth Teitelbaum, and Frances Spence—the computer operators for the 1950 weather experiment were all women. While this highly skilled work would surely have earned them a co-authorship today, their names—Norma Gilbarg, Ellen-Kristine Eliassen, and Margaret Smagorinsky, who was the first female statistician hired by the Weather Bureau and the wife of meteorologist Joseph Smagorinsky—are absent from the journal article detailing the experiment’s results. Before most of the scientists arrived at Aberdeen, these women spent hundreds of hours calculating the equations that the ENIAC would need to compute in the full experiment. “The system that they were going to use on the big computer, we were doing manually,” Margaret recalled in an interview with science historian George Dyson before she died in 2011. “It was a very tedious job. The three of us worked in a very small room, and we worked hard.” But perhaps the biggest single contribution, aside from the scientists leading the experiment, came from a woman named Klara Dan von Neumann. Klara, known affectionately as Klari, was born into a wealthy Jewish family in Budapest in 1911. After World War I, in which Hungary allied with Austria to become one of the great European powers of the war, Klara attended an English boarding school and became a national figure skating champion. When she was a teenager, during Budapest’s roaring '20s, her father and grandfather threw parties and invited the top artists and thinkers of the day—including women. Klara married young, divorced and remarried before the age of 25. In 1937, a Hungarian mathematician, John von Neumann, began to court her. Von Neumann was also married at the time, but his divorce was in progress (his first wife, Mariette, had fallen in love with the acclaimed physicist J.B. Horner Kuper, both of whom would become two of the first employees of Long Island’s Brookhaven National Laboratory). Within a year, John and Klara were married. John had a professorship at Princeton University, and, as the Nazis gained strength in Europe, Klara followed him to the U.S. Despite only having a high school education in algebra and trigonometry, she shared her new husband’s interest in numbers, and was able to secure a wartime job with Princeton’s Office of Population Research investigating population trends. By this time, John had become one of the most famous scientists in the world as a member of the Manhattan Project, the now-notorious U.S. government research project dedicated to building the first atomic bomb. With his strong Hungarian accent and array of eccentricities—he once played a joke on Albert Einstein by offering him a ride to the train station and then intentionally sending him off on the wrong train—he would later become the inspiration for Stanley Kubrick’s Dr. Strangelove. While Klara stayed behind, working full-time at Princeton, John moved out to Los Alamos, New Mexico, running the thousands of calculations needed to build the first of these weapons of mass destruction. His work came to fatal fruition in 1945, when the U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, killing as many as 250,000 people.

    A chart of the series of operations required to create the first weather forecasts, chronicled later by scientist George Platzman. AMS Bulletin, ©American Meteorological Society. Used with permission.
    After the war, John decided to turn his mathematical brilliance toward more peaceful applications. He thought he might be able to use the ENIAC—a powerful new computer that cut its teeth running calculations for an early hydrogen bomb prototype—could be applied to help improve weather forecasting. As John began to pursue this idea, getting in touch with top meteorologists in the U.S. and Norway, Klara came to visit him in Los Alamos. Living apart during the Manhattan Project had been hard on their marriage, and Klara had suffered a miscarriage back in New Jersey, but the trip rekindled sparks between them. By this time, Klara had become quite mathematically adept through her work at Princeton, and she and John began to collaborate on the ENIAC. “I became Johnny’s experimental rabbit,” she told Dyson years afterward. “I learned how to translate algebraic equations into numerical forms, which in turn then have to be put into machine language in the order in which the machine has to calculate it, either in sequence or going round and round, until it has finished with one part of the problem, and then go on some definite which-a-way, whatever seems to be right for it to do next.”<br> <br> The work was challenging, especially compared to modern computer programming with its luxuries like built-in memory and operating systems. Yet, Klara described to Dyson, she found coding to be a “very amusing and rather intricate jigsaw puzzle.”

    Women computer scientists holding different parts of an early computer. From left to right: Patsy Simmers, holding ENIAC board; Gail Taylor, holding EDVAC board; Milly Beck, holding ORDVAC board; Norma Stec, holding BRLESC-I board. US Army Photo, via Historic Computers Images of the ARL Technical Library
    In the acknowledgements of the 1950 paper detailing the first numerical weather predictions, the authors thank Klara for her “instruction in the technique of coding for the ENIAC and for checking the final code.” But what is undoubtedly her most impactful contribution to the experiment took place several years prior: helping to transform the ENIAC from a rigidly hard-wired machine into one of the first stored-program computers, more akin to today’s personal computers. Both Klara and John felt this was a necessary improvement for future applications like the weather experiment, as it would allow them to store a vast repertoire of commands in the computer’s memory. In 1947, Klara and Nick Metropolis—a Greek-American mathematician and computer scientist, and leader of the Los Alamos computing group—collaborated on a plan to implement this new mode on the ENIAC, and in 1948 they traveled to Aberdeen to reconfigure the machine. After training five other people to program and run the ENIAC (two married couples and a bachelor: Foster and Cerda Evans, Harris and Rosalie Mayer, and Marshall Rosenbluth), they worked for 32 days straight to install the new control system, check it, and get the modified machine up and running. By the end of the trip, Klara had reportedly lost 15 pounds, and it took her several weeks and numerous doctor’s visits to recover from the experience. But she still managed to write a full report on the conversion and use of the ENIAC as a stored-program computer. “The method is clearly a 100% success,” John wrote at the time. By the time Charney and his team of scientists arrived at Aberdeen in early 1950, Platzman would recall years later, the “ENIAC had been operating in the new stored-program mode for over a year, a fact that greatly simplified our work.” In a letter to his wife written during this first week, Platzman gushed: “The machine is a miracle.” The ENIAC was still rudimentary: It could only produce 400 multiplications per second, so slow that it produced rhythmic chugging noises. But after working around the clock for over a month, the team had six precious gems to show for their efforts: two 12-hour and four 24-hour retrospective forecasts. Not long after the weather experiment concluded, tragedy befell the von Neumann family. John von Neumann was confined to a wheelchair in 1956, and succumbed to cancer a year later, (likely due, at least in part, to his proximity to radiation during the Manhattan Project). Klara wrote the preface to his posthumous book, The Computer and the Brain, which she presented to Yale College in 1957. In it, she briefly described her late husband’s contributions to the field of meteorology, writing that his “numerical calculations seemed to be helpful in opening entirely new vistas,” but gave no mention of her own role. Klara’s work with computers seems to have tapered off even before John’s death. Whatever her reasoning may have been for this, it was in line with the prevailing trend at the time. Janet Abbate recounts in her 2012 book Recoding Gender how, as the public perception of computers and their value to society evolved throughout the 1950s and ’60s, the number of women hired for those roles shrank rapidly. Abbate writes that, while the women who made up most of the workforce in the early days of coding “would have scoffed at the notion that programming would ever be considered a masculine occupation,” that’s exactly what happened within a matter of years. Today, less than 8 percent of software developers worldwide identify as women, nonbinary, or gender nonconforming. While female representation in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math has increased as a whole since the 1970s, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of women working in computing roles has actually declined over the past few decades. But without their early contributions to the field, we might have missed out on the breakthrough that led to modern weather prediction, or any number of scientific advancements. So the next time you scroll through your weather app before deciding whether to don a raincoat, think of Klara and the other women who helped make it possible.
     
    A Vast Machine
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120127215929/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12080
    Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming
    Paul N. Edwards
     Table of Contents and Sample Chapters
    Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming
    Paul N. Edwards
    Acknowledgments
    Download Chapter as PDF Sample Chapter - Download PDF (71 KB)    ix
    Introduction
    Download Chapter as PDF Sample Chapter - Download PDF (121 KB)    xiii
    1    Thinking Globally
    Download Chapter as PDF Sample Chapter - Download PDF (1.82 MB)    1
    2    Global Space, Universal Time
    Seeing the Planetary Atmosphere    27
    3    Standards and Networks
    International Meteorology and the Réseau Mondial    49
    4    Climatology and Climate Change before World War II    61
    5    Friction    83
    6    Numerical Weather Prediction    111
    7    The Infinite Forecast    139
    8    Making Global Data    187
    9    The First WWW    229
    10    Making Data Global    251
    11    Data Wars    287
    12    Reanalysis
    The Do-Over    323
    13    Parametrics and the Limits of Knowledge    337
    14    Simulation Models and Atmospheric Politics, 1960–1992    357
    15    Signal and Noise
    Consensus, Controversy, and Climate Change    397
    Conclusion    431
    Notes    441
    Index
    Download Chapter as PDF Sample Chapter - Download PDF (106 KB)    509
     
    Global warming skeptics often fall back on the argument that the scientific case for global warming is all model predictions, nothing but simulation; they warn us that we need to wait for real data, "sound science." In A Vast Machine Paul Edwards has news for these skeptics: without models, there are no data. Today, no collection of signals or observations—even from satellites, which can "see" the whole planet with a single instrument—becomes global in time and space without passing through a series of data models. Everything we know about the world's climate we know through models. Edwards offers an engaging and innovative history of how scientists learned to understand the atmosphere—to measure it, trace its past, and model its future.
    Edwards argues that all our knowledge about climate change comes from three kinds of computer models: simulation models of weather and climate; reanalysis models, which recreate climate history from historical weather data; and data models, used to combine and adjust measurements from many different sources. Meteorology creates knowledge through an infrastructure (weather stations and other data platforms) that covers the whole world, making global data. This infrastructure generates information so vast in quantity and so diverse in quality and form that it can be understood only by computer analysis—making data global. Edwards describes the science behind the scientific consensus on climate change, arguing that over the years data and models have converged to create a stable, reliable, and trustworthy basis for establishing the reality of global warming.
    About the Author
    Paul N. Edwards is Professor in the School of Information and the Department of History at the University of Michigan. He is the author of The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America (1996) and a coeditor (with Clark Miller) of Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance (2001), both published by the MIT Press.
     
    Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation
    https://a.tellusjournals.se/articles/10.3402/tellusa.v2i4.8607
    Original Research Papers
    Authors
    J. G. Charney
    R. Fjörtoft
    J. von Neumann
    Abstract
    A method is given for the numerical solution of the barotropic vorticity equation over a limited area of the earth’s surface. The lack of a natural boundary calls for an investigation of the appropriate boundary conditions. These are determined by a heuristic argument and are shown to be sufficient in a special case. Approximate conditions necessary to insure the mathematical stability of the difference equation are derived. The results of a series of four 24-hour forecasts computed from actual data at the 500 mb level are presented, together with an interpretation and analysis. An attempt is made to determine the causes of the forecast errors. These are ascribed partly to the use of too large a space increment and partly to the effects of baroclinicity. The rôle of the latter is investigated in some detail by means of a simple baroclinic model.
     
    The origins of computer weather prediction and  climate modeling
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100708191309/http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/personal/miskandarani/Courses/MPO662/Lynch,Peter/OriginsCompWF.JCP227.pdf
    from 
     Peter Lynch
     
    IN AMENDMENT
     
    Reading the Manual for ENIAC, the World’s First Electronic Computer
    https://thenewstack.io/reading-the-manual-for-eniac-the-worlds-first-electronic-computer/
    ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Compiler) was the world's very first fully electronic general-purpose computer. Smithsonian magazine once called it "the room-size government computer that began the digital era." And last week the I Programmer site shared a link to an original operating manual for ENIAC, originally published 75 years ago this month.
    Jun 16th, 2019 6:00am by David Cassel
    I don't know my love, I know a business exist. Michael jackson was a huge client, but he wasn't alone, many black people in the entertainment industry have skin lightened , and the newspapers don't tend to go into it. 

    Feature image: US Army photo of the ENIAC.
    Sometimes you have to take a long look back to realize just how much things have changed. And if you looked around our modern-day, cloud-enhanced web this month, you’d find several sites sharing memories about the launch of the ENIAC computer in 1946 — and of all those unstoppable mid-century engineers who tirelessly made it work.
    ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Compiler) was the world’s very first fully electronic general-purpose computer. Smithsonian magazine once called it “the room-size government computer that began the digital era.” And last week the I Programmer site shared a link to an original operating manual for ENIAC, originally published 75 years ago this month.

    It’s dated June 1st, 1946 — it was published by the school of engineering at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia — and the manual’s page at Archive.org show it’s been viewed just 2,309 times. (“There are no reviews yet,” reads the boilerplate on the site. “Be the first one to write a review.”)
     

     
    The archive identifies it as part of “the bitsavers.org collection” — a project started by a software curator at the Computer History Museum, with over 98,500 files and more than 4.7 million text pages. So what can we glean about the ENIAC’s moment in history from the manual which documents its operation? It seems like the machine was temperamental. For example, it warns that the DC power should never be turned on without first turning the operation switch to “continuous.” “Failure to follow this rule causes certain DC fuses to blow, -240 and -415 in particular.” But the consequences are even worse if you opened the DC fuse cabinet when the D.C. power was turned on. “This not only exposes a person to voltage differences of around 1,500 volts but the person may be burned by flying pieces of molten fuse wire” (if one of the fuse cases suddenly blew). In fact, the ENIAC was actually designed with a door switch shunt that prevented it from operating if one of its panel doors was open, “since removing the doors exposes dangerous voltage.” But this feature could be bypassed by holding the door switch shunt in its closed position. In a video shared by the Computer History Archives Project, chief engineer J. Presper Eckert Jr remembers that it was rare to go more than a day or two without at least one tube blowing out. And in addition to potential shocks, dust was another potential hazard. “Dust particles may cause transient relay failures,” the manual warns, “so avoid stirring up dust in the ENIAC room.” “Also, if any relay case is removed, always replace in exactly the same position in order not to disturb dust inside the case.” The ENIAC used an IBM card reader, but that had its own issues too. At one point the manual actually recommends against having the same number in every column of a punchcard, since “this weakens a card increasing the probability of ‘jamming’ in the feeding mechanism of the IBM machines.” Essential Instructions<br> Despite these limitations, ENIAC was a remarkable piece of technology. The manual includes intricate drawings and detailed diagrams of its racks, trays, cables, and wiring. But most important are the front panel drawings, which “show in some detail the switches, sockets, etc. for each panel of each unit.”
    “They contain the essential instructions for setting up a problem on the ENIAC.”

     
     
    ENIAC’s panels were equipped with neon lights corresponding to things like the “denominator flip-flop” and the “divide flip-flop.” The manual includes footnotes that carefully explain under what circumstances each light will be lit. “The square root of zero is perhaps the easiest test to repeat on the divider-square rooter…” It’s not until page 28 that it explains that turning on the start switch “starts the initiating sequences for the ENIAC, turning on the DC power supplies, the heaters of the various panels, and the fans…” And it also turns on a little amber light. “When this sequence has been completed, showing that the ENIAC is ready to operate, the green light goes on…” There were gates for a “constant transmitter” (which transmits to an “accumulator”), and its circuitry included “program pulse input terminals” — for add pulses and subtract pulses. And the machine also included two “significant figures switches.” “When 10 or more significant figures are desired, the left-hand switch is set to 10 and the right-hand switch set so that the sum of the two switch readings equals the number of significant figures desired.” There are tantalizing glimpses of how it all works together. The manual recommends a complicated test to make sure all the hardware is working properly. It involves a card with the value P 11111 11111, which gets input into the machine’s “accumulator” 18 times. The mathematical result — 19,999,999,998 — apparently exceeds the range of the accumulator, so the expected result is actually M 99999 99998. Then a card with the value P 00000 00001 is transmitted to the accumulators exactly twice — which instead of twenty billion (20,000,000,000) should give the value P 00000 00000. “Note that this test assumes that the significant figure switch is set to ’10’…” In Smithsonian magazine, technology writer Steven Levy remembers living in Philadelphia in the 1970s and renting an apartment from a man named J. Presper Eckert Jr. “It was only when I became a technology writer some years later that I realized that my landlord had invented the computer.”
    video not available https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8R6li54R20
     
    In the early 1940s, Eckert had been a graduate student in the school of engineering who became the ENIAC’s chief engineer. A professor had proposed electronic calculations for munitions trajectories to help the American military during World War II. Levy calls it “a breathtaking enterprise. The original cost estimate of $150,000 would rise to $400,000. Weighing in at 30 tons, the U-shaped construct filled a 1,500-square-foot room. Its 40 cabinets, each of them nine feet high, were packed with 18,000 vacuum tubes, 10,000 capacitors, 6,000 switches and 1,500 relays… Two 20-horsepower blowers exhaled cool air so that ENIAC wouldn’t melt down.” By the time they’d finished building it — World War II was over. But there was still work to do. The Atomic Heritage Foundation site reports that ENIAC was used to help perform the engineering calculations for the world’s first hydrogen bomb (along with two other more-recently developed computers). “It took sixty straight days of processing, all through the summer of 1951.” Levy cites an Army press release describing ENIAC as a “mathematical robot” that “frees scientific thought from the drudgery of lengthy calculating work.” A recent documentary called The Computers reminds modern-day viewers that the ENIAC’s original programmers were all women — Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman.

    There’s now also a site called the ENIAC Programmers Project that shares a brief overview of the documentary with more information. During World War II, the U.S. military had put together a team of nearly 100 women, trained in mathematics, who were calculating complex ballistic-trajectory equations. Six of them were selected to program the ENIAC. Back in 1996, the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing ran a profile of “The Women of ENIAC,” interviewing 10 of the women who’d worked with the computer during its 10-year run. The poster for the documentary describes them as “six women lost from history who created technologies that changed our world.” The ENIAC was eventually left behind by ever-faster and ever-cheaper computers. “By the time it was decommissioned in 1955 it had been used for research on the design of wind tunnels, random number generators, and weather prediction,” remembers an ENIAC web page at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. And even though ENIAC was decommissioned in 1955, 50 years later it was reassembled for a humble ceremony in Philadelphia, Levy remembers. “Vice President Al Gore threw a switch and the remaining pieces clattered out the answer to an addition problem.” According to Levy, the ENIAC’s chief engineer later groused “How would you like to have most of your life’s work end up on a square centimeter of silicon?” But Levy sees another way to look at it. “[T]he question could easily have been put another way: How would you like to have invented the machine that changed the course of civilization?” Yet legacies aside, it also seems like it was a real thrill just to have been a part of the work itself. “I’ve never seen been in as exciting an environment,” remembers Jean Jennings Bartik in the film. “We knew we were pushing back frontiers.” And more than 60 years later, she also still remembered that the ENIAC computer “was a son-of-a-bitch to program.”
     
    The Women of ENIAC
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052225/http://www.eg.bucknell.edu/~csci203/2012-fall/hw/hw06/assets/womenOfENIAC.pdf
  22. richardmurray

    DogoKwan of the HDKiriban series

    By richardmurray,


    BGEarcade
    For those that may know I have always said I will honor those who follow me but I have been too busy creating my own work. A few months ago, I realized I wanted/needed to program more and so the HDKiriban series was born and this is the first in the series. DogoKwan is a simple tile game. 
    You can change the settings , the dimensions or the difficulty. 
    For my first 25 followers on deviantart I have a dropdown list to display their work. I will continue my HDKiriban series with the second game in the list for members 1-50 .
    I am open to discussion:) And please save a screenshot of you finishing a game in the comments. 
    WARNING!:) 
    let me help you, this game has an easy bug, if you change the dimension or difficulty settings while playing you will cause problems
     

     
  24. richardmurray
    The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System
    J. W. BACKUS?, R. J. BEEBERt, S. BEST$, R. GOLDBERG?, L. M. HAIBTt, H. L. HERRICK?, R. A. NELSON?, D. SAYRE?, P. B. SHERIDAN?, H.STERNt, I. ZILLERt, R. A. HUGHES§, AN^ .. . R. NUTT~
     
    THE FORTRAN project was begun in the sum- mer of 1954. Its purpose was to reduce by a large factor the task of preparing scientific problems for IBM's next large computer, the 704. If it were possible for the 704 to code problems for itself and produce as good programs as human coders (but without the errors), it was clear that large benefits could be achieved. For it was known that about two-thirds of the cost of solving most scientific and engineering problems on large computers was that of problem preparation. Furthermore, more than 90 per cent of the elapsed time for a problem was usually devoted to planning, writing, and debugging the program. In many cases the de- velopment of a general plan for solving a problem was a small job in comparison to the task of devising and coding machine procedures to carry out the plan. The goal of the FORTRAN project was to enable the pro- grammer to specify a numerical procedure using a con- cise language like that of mathematics and obtain automatically from this specification an efficient 704 program to carry out the procedure. It was expected that such a system would reduce the coding and de- bugging task to less than one-fifth of the job it had been. Two and one-half years and 18 man years have elapsed since the beginning of the project. The FORTRAN system is now copplete. It has two components: the FORTRAN language, in which programs are written, and the translator or executive routine for the 704 which effects the translation of FORTRAN language programs into 704 programs. Descriptions of the FOR- TRAN language and the translator form the principal sections of this paper. The experience of the FORTRAN group in using the system has confirmed the original expectations con- cerning reduction of the task of problem preparation and the efficiency of output programs. A brief case history of one job done with a system seldom gives a good measure of its usefulness, particularly when the selection is made by the authors of the system. Nevertheless, here are the facts about a rather simple but sizable job. The programmer attended a one-day course on FORTRAN and spent some more time re- ferring to the manual. He then programmed the job in four hours, using 47 FORTRAN statements. These were compiled by the 704 in six minutes, producing about 1000 instructions. He ran the program and found the output incorrect. He studied the output (no tracing or memory dumps were used) and was able to localize his error in a FORTRAN statement he had written. He rewrote the offending statement, recompiled, and found that the resulting program was correct. He esti- mated that it might have taken three days to code this job by hand, plus an unknown time to debug it, and that no appreciable increase in speed of execution would have been achieved thereby.
     
    THE FORTRAN LANGUAG
    The FORTRAN language is most easily described by reviewing some examples.

    Arithmetic Statements
    Example 1 : Compute :
    root =(- (B/2) 4- d(B/2) - AC .)/A
    FORTRAN Program
    ROOT= ( - (B/2.0) + SQRTF((B/2.0) * * 2 - A * C))/A.
     
    Notice that the desired erogram is a single FOR- TRAN statement, an arithmetic formula. Its meaning is: "Evaluate the expression on the right of the = sign and make this the value of the variable on the left.?' The symbol * denotes multiplication and * * denotes exponentiation (i.e., A * * B means AB). The program which is generated from this statement effects the computation in floating point arithmetic, avoids com- puting (B/2.0) twice and computes (B/2.0) * * 2 by a multiplication rather than by an exponentiation routine. [Had (B/2.O) * * 2.01 appeared instead, an exponentia- tion routine would necessarily be used, requiring more time than the multiplication.] The programmer can refer to quantities in both floating point and integer form. Integer quantities \are somewhat restricted in their use and serve primarily as subscripts or exponents. Integer constants are written without a decimal point. Example: 2 (integer form) vs 2.0 (floating point form). Integer variables begin with I, J, K, L, M, or N. Any meaningful arithmetic expres- sion may appear on the right-hand side of an arithmetic statement, provided the following restriction is ob- served: an integer quantity can appear in a floating- point expression only as a subscript or as an exponent or as the argument of certain functions. The functions which the programmer may refer to are limited only by those available on the library tape at the time, such as SQRTF, plus those simple functions which he has defined for the given problem by means of function statements. An example will serve to describe the latter.
     
    Function Statements
    Example 2: Define a function of three variables to be used throughout a given problem, as follows:

    Function statements must precede the rest of the pro- gram. They are composed of tho desired function name (ending in F) followed by any desired arguments which appear in the arithmetic expression on the right of the = sign. The definition of a function may employ any previously defined functions. Having defined ROOTF as above, the programmer may apply it to any set of arguments in any subsequent arithmetic statements. For example, a later arithmetic statement might be 

    THETA = 1.0 + GAMMA * ROOTF(P1, 3.2 * Y + 14.0, 7.63).
    DO Statements, DIMENSION Statements, and Sub- scripted Variables
    Examgle 3: Set Qm,, equal to the largest quantity P(ai+bi)/P(ai- bi) for some i between 1 and 1000 .where P(x) =C~+~~X+C~X~+C~X~ .
    FORTRAN Program:
    1) POLYF(X) =CO+X * (Cl+X * (C2+X * C3)).
    2) DIMENSION A(1000), B(1000).
    3) QMAX = - 1.0 E20.
    4) DO 5 I =1, 1000.
    5) QMAX = MAXF(QMAX, POLYF(A(1) +B(I))/POLYF(A(I) -B(I))).
    6) STOP.
    The program above is complete except for input and output statements which will be described later. The first statement is not executed; it defines the desired polynomial (in factored form for efficient output pro- gram). Similarly, the second statement merely informs the executive routine that the vectors A and B each have 1000 elements. Statement 3 assigns a large negative initial value to QMAX, - 1.0 X 1020, using a special concise form for writing floating-point constants. State- ment 4 says "DO the following sequence of statements down to and including the statement numbered 5 for successive values of I from 1 to 1000." In this case there is only one statement 5 to be repeated. It is exe- cuted 1000 times; the first time reference is made to A(l) and B(1), the second time to A(2) and B(2), etc. After the 1000th execution of statement 5, statement 6-STOP-is finally encountered. In statement 5, the function MAXF appears. MAXF may have two or more arguments and its value, by definition, is the value of its largest argument. Thus on each repetition of statement 5 the old value of QMAX is replaced by itself or by the value of POLY F(A(1) +B (I)) /POLYF (A(1) - B (I)), whichever is larger. The value of QMAX f after the 1000th repetition is therefore the desired maximum.

    Example 4: Multiply the n Xlr matrix 520) by its transpose, obtaining the product elements on or be- low the main diagonal by the relation
    cis j = 5 ai.ke a j,k k-1 (for j < i)
    and the remaining elements by the relation
    FORTRAN Program

    As in the preceding example, the DIMENSION statement says that there are two matrices of maximum size 20 X20 named A and C. For explanatory purposes only, the three boxes around the program show the sequence of statements controlled by each DO state- ment. The first DO statement says that procedure P, i.e., the following statements down to statement 2 (outer box) is fo be carried out for I = 1 then for I = 2 and so on up to I =N. The first statement of procedure P(D0 2 J = 1, I) directs that procedure Q be done for J = 1 to J = I. And of course each execution of pro- cedure Q involves N executions of procedure R for K=l, 2, . . , N. Consider procedure Q. Each time its last statement is completed the "index" J of its controlling DO 'state- ment is increased by 1 and control goes to the first statement of Q, until finally its last statement is reached and J = 1. Since this is also the last statement of P and P has not been repeated until I = N, I will be increased and control will then pass to the first statement of P. This statement (DO 2 J = 1, I) causes the repetition of Q to begin again. Finally, the last statement~f Q and P (statement 2) will be reached with J =I and I = M, meaning that both Q and P have been repeated the required number of times. Control will then go to the next statement, STOP. Each time R is executed a new term is added to a product element. Each time Q is executed a new product element and its mate are ob: tained. Each time P is executed a product row (over to the diagonal) and the corresponding column (down to the diagonal) are obtained. ' The last example contains a "nest" of Jstate- ments, meaning that the sequence of statements con- trolled by one DO statement contains other DO state- ments. Another example of such a nest is shown in the next column, on the left. Nests of the type shown on the right are not permitted, since they would usually be meaningless. Although not illustrated in the examples given, the programmer may also employ subscripted variables having three independent subscripts.

    Examplep 5: For each case, read from cards two vec- tors, ALPHA and RHO, and the number ARG. ALPHA and RHO each have 25 elements and ALPHA(1) LALPHA(I+I), I = 1 to 24. Find the SUM of all the elements of ALPHA from the beginning to the last one which is less than or equal to ARG [assume ALPHA(1) 5 ARG

    The FORMAT statement mys that numbers are to be found (or print&) 5 per card (or line), that .each number is in fixed; point form, that each number, oa- cupies a field 12 mlumns wide and that *thq; decimal point is lmated 4 digits hrn the right, TblFQRMAT statemeat is not executed; it is referred Wbfr the READ and PRINT sgatements to describe itbg Wred arrange- ment iof data in the external medh The READ statement says 'RE339.D eards in the card reader which are arranged acc&iTg' to FORMAT ej,tatement 1 and assign the suewsiwe nambers obtained as values of ALPHA(1) I =? 1, 2& aigd RBQ(1) I = 1, 25 and ARG." Thus "ALPHA, RHO, ARC" is a descrip- tion of a list of 51 quantities( (tb~'size of ALPHA and RHO being obtained fidrn' kf& '~IMENSION state- ment), Reading of cade ,'prxwmx!& until these SL,quarati- ties have been obtai~ed~hahh QWQ having five nlmibers, as per the FORMAT: d~wiptiah, except the Ids* w&.ich has the value of sARG'ddyr ,8ine:ee ARG te~$niaitbd~the list, the remaining f~a>~g,fiiel$sla~ the. last G~W? imp not read. The PRINT statement is similar to READ except that it specifies a list of only three quantities. Thus each execution of PRINT causes a single line to be printed with ARG, SUM, VALUE printed in the first three of the five fields described by FORMAT state- ment 1. The IF' statement says "If A RG -ALPHA (I) is negative go tostatement 4, if it 3s zero go to statement 3, and if it is' 'positive go to 3." Thus the repetition of the two Statements controlled by the DO consists normally of computing ARG - ALPHA(1) , finding it zero or positive, and going to statement 3 followed by the next repetition. H~wever, when I has been in- creased to the extent that the first ALPHA exceeding ARG is encountered, control will pass to statement 4: Note that this statement does not belong to the se- quence controlled by the DO. In such cases, the repeti- tion specified by the DO is terminated and the value of the index (in this ease I) is preserved. Thus if the first ALPHA exceeding ARG were ALPHA (20), then RHO (19) would be obtaihed in statement 4. The GO TO statement, of course, passes control to statement 2, which initiates reading the 11 cards for the next case.The process will continue until there are no more cards in the reader. The above program is entirely complete. When punched in cards as shown, and comd piled, the jcrandlator will produce a ready-to-run 704 program which will perform the job specified.
     
    Other Types of FORTRAN Statements
    In the above examples the following types of FOR- TRAN statements have been exhibited.
    Arithmetic statements
    Function statements
    DO statements
    IF statements
    GO TO statements
    READ statements
    PRINT statements
    STOP' statements
    DIMENSION statements
    FORMAT statements.
    The explanations accompanying each example have attempted to show some of the possible applications and variations of these statements. It is felt that these examples give a representative picture of the FOR- TRAN language; however, many of its features have had to be omitted. There are 23 other types of state- ments in the language, many of them completely analogous to some of those described here. They pro- vide facilities for referring to other input-output' and auxiliary storage devices (tapes, drums, and card punch), for specifying preset and computed branching of control, for detecting various conditions which may arise such as an attempt to divide by zero, and for pro- viding various information about a program to the translator. A complete description of the language is to be found in Programmer's Reference Manual, the FOR- TRA N Automatic Coding System for the IB M 
    704.
     
    Preparation of a Program for Translation 
    The translator accepts statements punched one per card (continuation cards may be used for very long statements). There is a separate key on the keypunch- ing device for each character used in FORTRAN state- ments and each character is represented in the card by several holes in a single column of the card. Five columns are reserved for a statement number (if pres- ent) and 66 are available for the statement. Keyguhch- ing a FORTRAN program is therefore a prockss similar to that of typing the program.
     
    Translation
    The deck of cards obtained by keypunching may then be put in the card reader of a 704 equipped'with the translator program. When the load buttori is Sressed one gets either 1) a list of input statements which fail to conform to specifications of the FORTRAN language accompanied by remarks which indicate the type of error in each case; 2) a deck of binary cards representing the desired 704 program, 3) a binary tape of the program which can either be preserved or loaded and executed immediately after translation is complete, or 4) a tape containing the output program in symbolic form suitable for alteration and later assembly. (Some of these out- puts may be unavailable at the time of publication.)
     
    THE FORTRAN TRANSLATOR
    General Organization of the System
    The FORTRAN translator consists of six successive sections, as follows.
    Sectiorc 1: Reads in and classifies statements. For arithmetic formulas, compiles the object (output) in- structions. For nonarithmetic statements including input-output, does a partial compilation, and records the remaining information in tables. All instructions compiled in this section are in the COMPAIL file.
    Section 2: Compiles the instructions associated with indexing, which result from DO statements and the oe- currence of subscripted variables, These instructions are placed in the COMPDO file,
    Section 3: Merges the COMPAIL and COMPDO files into a single file, meanwhile completing the compila- tion of nonarithmetic statements begun in Section 1. The object program is now complete, but assumes an object machine with a large number of index registers.
    Section 4: Carries out an analysis of the flow of the object program, to be used by Section 5.
    Section 5: Converts the object program to one which involves only the three index registers of the 704.
    Section 6: Assembles the object program, producing a relocatable binary program ready for running. Alsc on demand produces the object program in SHARE symbolic language.
    (Note: Section 3 is of internal importance only; Sec- tion 6 is a fairly conventional assembly program. These sections will be treated only briefly in what follows.)
     
    Within the translator, information is passed from section to section in two principal forms: as compiled instructions, and as tables. The compiled instructions (e.g., the COMPAIL and COMPDO files, and later their merged result) exist in a four-word format which con- tains all the elements of a symbolic 704 instruction; ie., symbolic location, three-letter operation code, sym- bolic address with relative absolute part, symbolic tag, and absolute decrement. (Instructions which refer to quantities given symbolic names by the programmer have those same names in their addresses.) This sym- bolic format is retained until section 6. Throughout, the order of the compiled instructions is maintained by means of the symbolic locations (internal statement numbers), which are assigned in sequential fashion by section 1 as each new statement is encountered. The tables contain all information which cannot yet be embodied in compiled instructions. For this reason the translator requires only the single scan of the source program performed in section 1. A final observation should be made about the organ- ization of the system. Basically, it is simple, and most of the complexities which it does possess arise from the effort to cause it to produce object programs which can compete in efficiency with hand-written programs. S~me of these complexities will be found within the individual sections; but also, in the system as a whole, the sometimes complicated interplay between compiled instructions and tables is a consequence of the desire to postpone compiling until the analysis necessary to produce high object-program efficiency has been per- formed.

     
    For an input-output statement, section 1 compiles the appropriate read or write select (RDS or WRS) in-struction, and the necessary copy (CPY) instructions (for binary operations) or transfer instructions to pre-written input-output routines which perform conver-sion between decimal and binary and govern format (for decimal operations). When the list of the input-output statement is repetitive, table entries are made which will cause section 2 to generate the indexing instructions necessary to make the appropriate loops. The treatment of state-ments which are neither input- output nor arithmetic is similar; i.e., those instructions which can be compiled are compiltd, and the remaining information is. extracted and placed in one or more of the appropriate tables. In contrast, arithmetic formulas are completely treated in section 1, except for open (built-in) sub- routines, which are added in section 3; a complete set of compiled instructions is produced in the COMPAIL file. This compilation involves two principal tasks: 1) the generation of an appropriate sequence of arith- metic instructions to carry out the computation speci- fied by the formula, and 2) the generation of (symbolic) tags for those arithmetic instructions which refer to subscripted variables (variables which denote arrays) which in combination with the indexing instructions to be compiled in section 2 will refer correctly to the indi- vidual members of those arrays. Both these tasks are accomplished in the course of a single scan of the for- mula. Task 2) can be quickly disposed of. When a sub- scripted variable is encountered in the scan, its sub- script(~) are examined to determine the symbols used in the subscripts, their multiplicative coefficients, and the dimensions of the array. These items of information are placed in tables where they will be available to section 2 ; also from them is generated a subscript com- bination name which is used as the symbolic tag of those instructions which refer to the subscripted vari- able. The difficulty in carrying out ta~k 1) is one of level; there is implicit in every arithmetic formula an order of computation, which arises from the control over order- ing assigned by convention to the various symbols (parentheses, + , - , * , /, etc.) which can appear, and this implicit ordering must be made explicit before compilation of the instructions can be done. This ex- plicitness is achieved, during the formula scan, by associating with each operation required, by the formula a level number, such that if the operations are carried out in the order of increasing level number the correct sequence of arithmetic instructions will be obtained. The sequence of level numbers is obtained by means of a set of rules, which specify for each possible pair formed of operation type and symbol type the increment to be 'added to or subtracted from the level number of the preceding pair.
    In fact, the compilation is not carried out with the raw set of level numbers produced during the scan. After the scan, but before the compilation, the levels are examined for empty sections which can be deleted, for permutations of operations on the same level, which will reduce the number of accesses to memory, and for redundant computation (arising from the existence of common subexpressions) which can be eliminated.
    An example will serve to show (somewhat inaccurate- ly) some of the principles employed in the level-analysis process. Consider the following arithmetic expression:
    A+B**C*(E+F)
    In the level analysis of this expression parentheses are in effect inserted which define the proper order in which the operations are to be performed. If only three implied levels are recognized (corresponding to +, * a and * * ) the expression obtains the following:
    +(* (* *A))+(* (* *B* *C)* [+(* (* *EN+(* (* *~))l).
    The brackets represent the parentheses appearing in the original expression. (The level-analysis routine actually recognizes an additional level corresponding to func- tions.) Given the above expression the level-analysis routine proceeds to define a sequence of new dependent variables the first of which represents the value of the entire expression. Each new variable is generated when- ever a left parenthesis is encountered and its definition is entered on another line. In the single scan of the ex- pression it is often necessary to begin the definition of one new variable before the definition of another has been completed. The subscripts of the u's in the follow- ing sets of definitions indicate the order in which they were defined.

    This is the point reached at the end of the formula scan. What follows illustrates the further processing applied to the set of levels. Notice that ua, for example, is defined as * * F. Since there are not two or more operands to be combined the * * serves only as a level indication and no further purpose is served by having defined us. The procedure therefore substitutes F for UQ wherever UQ appears and the line uo = * * F is deleted. Similarly, F is then substituted for us and us= * F is deleted. This elimination of "redundant" u's is carried to completion and results in the following:

    These definitions, read up, describe a legitimate proc-cdure for obtaining the value of the original expression. The number of u's remaining at this point (in this case four) determines the number of intermedi- ate quantities which may need to be stored. However, further examination of this case reveals that the result of 243 is in the accumulator, ready for uo; therefore the store and load instructions which would usually be compiled between u3 and uo are omitted.
    Section 2 (Nelson and Ziller)
    Throughout the object program will appear in- structions which refer to subscripted variables. Each of these instructions will (until section 5) be tagged with a symbolic index register corresponding to the particu- l b subscript combination of the subscripts of the varia- ble [e.g., (I, K, J) and (K, I, J) are two different sub- script combinations]. If the object program is to work correctly, every symbolic index register must be so governed that it will have the appropriate contents at every instant that it is being used. It is the source pro- gram, of course, which determines what these appro- priate contents must be, primarily through its DO statements, but also through arithmetic formulas (e.g. I= N+1) which may define the values of variables ap- pearing in subscripts, or input formulas which may read such values in at object time. Moreover, in the case of DO statements, which are designed to produce loops in the object program, it is necessary to provide tests for loop exit. It is these two tasks, the governing of symbolic index registers and the testing of their contents, which section 2 must carry out. Much of the complexity of what follows arises from the wish to carry out these tasks optimally; i.e., when a variable upon which many subscript combinations de- pend undergoes a change, to alter only those index registers which really require changing in the light of the problem flow, and to handle exits correctly with a minimum number of tests. If the following subscripted variable appears in a FORTRAN program
    A(2* I + 1,4* J + 3,6* K + 5),
    the index quantity which must be in its symbolic index register when this reference to A is made is
    (cli - 1) 3, (~2 j - 1)di + (~3k - 1)didj + 1,
    where GI, h, and c3 in this case have the values 2, 4, and 6; i, j, and k are the values of I, J, and K at the moment, and di and dj are the I and J dimensions of A. The effect of the addends 1, 3, and 5 is incorporated in the address of the instruction which makes the reference. In general, the index quantity associated with a sub- script combination as given above, once formed, is not recomputed. Rather, every time one of the variables in a subscript combination is incremented under control of a DO, the corresponding quantity is incremented by the appropriate amount. In the example given, if K is increased by n (under control of a DO), the index quantity is increased by cSdid,rt, giving the correct new value' The following paragraphs discuss in further detail the ways in which index quantities are computed and modified.
     
    Choosing the Indexing Instructions;
    Case of Subscrifits Controlled by DO'S We distinguish between two classes of subscript ; those which are in the range of a DO having that sub- script as its index symbol, and those subscripts which are not controlled by DO'S. The fundamental idea for subscripts controlled by DO'S is that a sequence of indexing instruction groups can be selected to answer the requirements, and that the choice of a particular instruction group depends mainly on the arrangement of the subscripts within the subscript combination and the order of the DO'S con- trolling each subscript. DO'S often exist in nests. A nest of PO'S consists of all the DO'S contained by some one DO which is itself not contained by any other. Within a nest, DO'S are assigned level numbers. Wherever the index symbol of a DO appears as a subscript within the range of that DO, the level number of the DO is assigned to the subscript. The relative values of the level numbers in a subscript combination produce a group number which, along with other information, determines which indexing instruc- tion group is to be compiled. The source language,

    produces the following DO structure and group combi- nations :

    Producing the Decrement Parts of Indexing Instructions
    The part of the TO4 instruction used to change or test the contents of an index register is called the decrement part of the instruction.
    The decrement parts of the FORTRAN indexing instructions are functions of the dimensions of arrays and of the parameters of DO's; that is, of the initial value nl, the upper bound n~, and the increment n3 appearing in the statement DO 1 i=nl, nz, n3. The general form of the function is [(nz - nl +m)/ns]fiag where g represents necessary coefficients and dimen- sions, and [x] denates the integral part of x. If all the parameters are constants, the decrement parts are computed during the execution of the FOR- TRAN executive program. If the parametel's are vari- able symbols, then instructions are compiled in the object program to compute the proper decrement val- ues. For object program efficiency, it is desirable to associate these computing instructions with the outer- most DO of a nest, where possible, and not with the inner loops, even fhough these inner DO's may have variable parameters. Such a variable parameter (e.g., N in "DO 7 I= 1, N") may be assigned values by the programmer by any of a number of methods; it may be a value brought in by a READ statement, it 'may be calculated by an arithmetic statement, it may take its value from a transfer exit from some other DO whose index symbol is the pertinent variable symbol, or it may be under the control of a DO in the nest. A search is made to determine the smallest level number in the nest within which the variable parameter is not assigned a new value. This level number determines the place at which computing instructions can best be compiled.
     
    Case of Subscripts not Controlled by DO'S
    The second of the twos classes of subscript symbols is that of subscript symbols which are not under control of DO'S. Such a subscript can be given a value in a number of ways similar to the defining of DO param- eters: a value may be read in by a READ statement, it may be calculated by an arithmetic statement, or it may be defined by an exit made from a DO &h that index symbol. For subscript combinations with no subsc(ipt under the control of a DO, the basic technique use$ to intro- duce the proper values into a symbolic in&x register is that of determining where such definitipns occur, and, at the point of definition, using a subroutine to compute the new index quantity. These subrou$~es are generated at executive time, if it is determined that they are necessary. If the index quantity exists in a DO nest at the time of a transfer exit, then no cubr routine calculations are necessary since the exit values are precisely the desired values
     
    Mixed Cases
    In cases in which some subscripts in a subscript com- bination are controlled by DO'S, andmxne are not, instructions are compiled to compute the initial value of the subscript combination at the beginning of the outside loop. If the non-DO-controlled subscript sym- bol is then defined inside the loop (that is, after the computing of the load quantity) the procedure of using a subroutine at the point,of subscript definition will bring the new value into the index register. An exception to the use of a subroutine is made when the subscript is defined by a transfer exit from a DO, and that DO is within the range of a DO controlling some other subscript in the subscript combination. In such instances, if the index quantity is used in the inner DO, no calculation is necessary; the exit values are used. If the index quantity is not used, instructions are compiled to simulate this use, so that in either case the transfer exit leaves the correct function value in the index register.
     
    Modification and O@timization
    Initializing and computing instructions correspond- ing to a given DO are placed in the object program at a point corresponding to the lowest possible (outermost) DO level rather than at the point corresponding to the given DO. This technique results in the desired removal of certain instructions from the most frequent inner-most loops of the object program. However, it necessi- tates the consideration of some complex questions when the flow within a nest of DO'S is complicated by the occurrence of transfer escapes from DO-type repetition and by other IF and GO TO flow paths. Consider a simple example, a nest having a DO on I containing a DO on J, where the subscript combination (I, J) appears only in the inner loop. If the object program corre- sponded precisely to the FORTRAN language pro- gram, there would be instructions at the entrance point of the inner loop to set the value of J in (I, J) to the initial value specified by the inner DO. Usually, how- ever, it is more efficient to reset the value of J in (I, J) at the end of the inner loop upon leaving it, and the ob- ject program is so constructed. In this case it becomes necessary to compile instructions which follow every transfer exit from the inner loop into the outer loop (if there are any such exits) which will also reset the value of J in (I, J) to the initial value it should have at the entrance of the inner loop. These instructions, plus the initialization of both I and J in (I, J) at the entrance of the outer loop (on I), insure that J always has its proper initial value at the entrance of the inner loop even though no instructions appear at that point which change J. The situation becomes considerably more complicated if the subscript combination (I, J) also ap- pears in the outer loop. In this case two independent index quantities are created, one corresponding to (I, J) in the inner loop, the other to (I, J) in the outer loop. Optimizing features play an important role in the modification of the procedures and techniques outlined above. It may be the case that the DO structure and subscript combinations of a nest describe the scanning of a two- or three-dimensional array which is the equiva- lent of a sequential scan of a vector; i.e., a reference to each of a set of memory locations in descending order. Such an equivalent procedure is discovered, and where the flow of a nest permits, is used in place of more com- plicated indexing. This substitution is not of an empiri- cal nature, but is instead the logical result of a general- ized analysis. Other optimizing techniques concern, for example, the computing instructions compiled to evaluate the functions (governing index values and decrements) men- fioned previously. When some of the parameters are constant, the functions are reduced at executive time, and a frequent result is th2 compilation of only one instruction, a reference to a variable, to obtain a proper initializing value. In choosing the symbolic index register in which to test the value of a subscript for exit purposes, those index registers are avoided which would require the compilation of instructions to modify the test instruc- tion decrement.
     
    Section 4 (Haibt) pnd Section 5 (Best)
    The result of section 3 is a complete program, but one in which tagged instructions are tagged only sym- bolically, and which assumes that there will be a real index register available for every symbolic one. It is the task of sections 4 and 5 to convert this program to one involving only the three real index registers of the 704. Generally, this requires the setting up, for each symbolic index register, of a storage cell which will act as an index cell, and the addition of instructions to load the real index registers from, and store them into, the index cells. This is done in section 5 (tag analysis) on the basis of information about the pattern and frequency of flow provided by section 4 (flow analysis) in such a way that the time spent in loading and storing index registers will be nearly minimum. The fundamental unit of program is the basic block; a basic block is a stretch of program which has a single entry point and a single exit point. The purpose of sec- tion 4 is to prepare for section 5 a table of predecessors (PRED table) which enumerates the basic blocks and lists for every basic block each of the basic blocks which can be its immediate predecessor in flow, together with the absolute frequency of each such basic block link. This table is obtained by an actual "execution" of the program in Monte-Carlo fashion, in which the outcome of conditional transfers arising out of IF-type state- ments and computed GO TO'S is determined by a ran- dom number generator suitably weighted according to whatever FREQUENCY statements have been pro- vided. 1 Section 5 is divided into four parts, of which part,l is the most important. It makes all the major decisions concerning the handling of index registers, but records them simply as bits in the PRED table and a table of all tagged instructions, the STAG table. Part 2 merely reorganizes those tables; part 3 adds a slight further treatment to basic blocks which are terminated by an assigned GO TO; and finally part 4 compiles the finished program under the direction of the bits in the PRED and STAG tables. Since part 1 does the real work involved in handling the index registers, attention will be con- fined to this part in the sequel. The basic flow of part 1 of sectipn 5 is,

    Consider a moment partway through the execution of part 1, when a new region has just been treated. The less frequent basic blocks have not yet been encoun- tered; each basic block that has been treated is a mem- ber of some region. The existing regions are of two types: transparent, in which there is at least one real index register which has not beeq used in any of the member basic blocks, and opaque. Bits have been en- tered in the STAG table, calling where necessary for an LXD (load index register from index cell) instruc- tion preceding, or an SXD (store index register in index cell) instruction following-, the tagged instructions of the basic blocks that have been treated. For each basic block that has been treated is recorded the required contents of each of the three real index registers for entrance into the block, and the contents upon exit. In the PRED table, entries that have been considered may contain bits calling for interblock LXD's and SXD's, when the exit and entrance conditions across the link do not match. Now the PRED table is scanned for the highest- frequency link not yet considered. The new region is formed by working both forward over successors and backward over predecessors from this point, always choosing the most frequent remaining path of control. The marking out of a new region is terminated by en- countering 1) a basic block which belongs to an opaque region, 2) a basic block which has no remaining links into it (when working backward) or from it (when working forward), or which belongs to a transparent region with no such links remaining, or 3) a basic block which closes a loop. Thus the new region generally includes both basic blocks not hitherto encountered, and entire regions of basic blocks which have already been treated. The treatment of hitherto untreated basic blocks in the new region is carried out by simulating the action of the program. Three cells are set aside to represent the object machine index registers. As each new tagged in- struction is encountered these cells are examined to see if one of them contains the required tag; if not, the program is searched ahead to determine which oS/ the three index registers is the least undesirable to replace, and a bit is entered in the STAG table calling for an LXD instruction to that index register. When the simulation of a new basic block is finished, the en- trance and exit conditions are recorded, and the next item in the new region is considered. If it is a new basic block, the simulation continues; if it is a region, the index register assignment throdghout the region is examined to see if a permutation of the index registers would not make it match better, and any remaining mis- match is taken care of by entries in PRED calling for interblock LXD's. A final concept is that of index register activity. When a symbolic index register is initialized, or when its contents are altered by an indexing instruction, the value of the corresponding index cell falls out of date, and a subsequent LXD will be incorrect without an intervening SXD. This problem is handled by activity bits, which indicate when the index cell is out of date; when an LXD is required the activity bit is interrogated, and if it is on an SXD is called for immediately after the initializing or indexing instruction responsible for the activity, or in the interblock link from the region con- . taining that instruction, depending upon whether the basic block containing that instruction was a new basic block or one in a .region already treated. When the new region has been treated, all of the old regions yhich belonged to it simply lose their iden- tity; their basic blocks and the hitherto untreated basic blocks become the basic blocks of the new region. Thus at the end of part 1 there is but one single region, and it is the entire program. The high-frequency parts of the program were treated early; the entrance and exit con- ditions and indeed the whole handling of the index registers reflect primarily the efficiency needs of these high-frequency paths. The loading and unloading of the index registers is therefore as much as possible placed in the low-frequency paths, and the object program time consumed in these qerations is thus brought near to a minimum.
     
    Conclusion
    The preceding sections of this paper have described the language and the translator program of the FOR- TRAN system. Following are some comments on the system aqd its application.
    Scope of A pfilicability
    The language of the system is intended to be capable of expressing virtually any numerical procedure. Some problems programmed in FORTRAN language to date include: reactor shielding, matrix inversion, numerical integration, tray-to-tray distillation, microwave propa- gation, radome design, numerical weather prediction, plotting and root location of a quartic, a pracedure for playing the game "nim," helicopter design, and a number of others. The sizes of these first programs range from about 10 FORTRAN statements to well over 1000, or in terms of machine instructions, from about 100 to 7500.
     
    Conciseness and Convenience
    The statement of a program in FORTRAN lan- guage rather than in machine language or assembly program language is intended to result in a considerable reduction in the amount of thinking, bookkeeping, writing, and time required. In the problems mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the ratio of the number of output machine instructions to the number of input FORTRAN statements for each problem varied be- tween about 4 and 20. (The number of machine instruc- tions does not include any library subroutines and thus represents approximately the number which would need to be hand coded, since FORTRAN does not normally produce programs appreciably longer than correspond- ing hand-coded ones.) The ratio tends to be high, of course, for problems with many long arithmetic expres- sions or with complex loop structure and subscript ma- nipulation. The ratio is a rough measure of the concise- ness of the language. The convenience of using FORTRAN language is necessarily more difficult to measure than its concise- ness. However the ratio of coding times, assembly pro- gram language vs FORTRAN language, gives some in- dication of the reduction in thinking and bookkeeping as well as in writing. This time reduction ratio appears to range also from about 4 to 20 although it is difficult to estimate accurately. The largest ratios are usually obtained by those problems with complex loops and subscript manipulation as a result of the planning of indexing and bookkeeping procedures by the translator rather than by the programmer.
     
    Education
    It is considerably easier to teach people untrained in the use of computers how to write programs in FORTRAN language than it is to teach them machine language. A FORTRAN manual specifically designed as a teaching tool will be available soon. Despite the unavailability of this manual, a number of successful courses for nonprogrammers, ranging from one to three days, have been completed using only the present ref- erence manual.
     
    Debugging
    The structure of FORTRAN statements is such that the translator can detect and indicate many errors which may occur in a FORTRAN-language program. Furthermore, the nature of the language makes it possi- ble to write programs with far fewer errors than are to be expected in machine-language programs. Of course, it is only necessary to obtain a correct FORTRAN-language program for a problem, therefore all debugging efforts are directed toward this end. Any errors in the translator program or any machine mal- function during the process of translation will be de- tected and corrected by procedures distinct from the process of debugging a particular FORTRAN program. In order to produce a program with built-in debugging facilities, it is a simple matter for the programmer to write various PRINT statements, which cause "snap- shots" of pertinent information to be taken at appropri- ate points in his procedure, and insert these in the deck of cards comprising his original FORTRAN program. After compiling this program, running the resulting machine program, and comparing the resulting snap- shots with hand-calculated or known values, the pro- grammer can localize the specific area in his FORTRAN program which is causing the difficulty. After making the appropriate corrections in the FORTRAN program he mky remove the snapshot cards and recompile the final program or leave them in and recompile if the prod gram is not yet fully checked. Experience in debugging, FORTRAN programs to date has been somewhat clouded by the simultaneous process of debugging the translator program. However, it becomes clear that most errors in FORTRAN pro- grams are detected in the process of translation. So far, those programs having errors undetected by the trans- lator have been corrected with ease by examining the FORTRAN program and the data output of the ma- chine program.
     
    Method of Translation
    In general the translation of a FORTRAN program to a machine-language program is characterized by the fact that each piece of the output program has been constructed, instruction by instruction, so as not only to produce an efficient piece locally but also to fit effi- ciently into its context as a result of many consideratjons of the structure of its neighboring pieces and of the entire program. With the exception of subroutines (cor- responding to various functions and input-output statements appearing in the FORTRAN program), the output program does not contain long precoded instruc- tion sequences with parameters inserted during trans- lation. Such instruction sequences must be designed to do a variety of related tasks and are often not efficient in particular cases to which they are applied. FORTRAN-written programs seldom contain sequences of even three instructions whose operation parts alone could be considered a precoded "skeleton." There are a number of interesting observations con- cerning FORTRAN-written programs which may throw some light on the nature of the translation process. Many object programs, for example, contain a large number of instructions which are not attributable to any particular statement in the original FORTRAN program. Even transfers of control will appear which do not correspond to any control statement (e.g., DO, IF, GO TO) in the original program. The instructions arising from an arithmetic expression are optimally arranged, often in asurprisingly different sequence than the expression would lead one to expect. Depending on its context, the same DO statement may give rise to no instructions or to several complicated groups of in- structions located at different points in the program. While it is felt that the.ability of the system to trana- late algebraic expressions provides an important and necessary convenience, its ability to treat subscripted variables, DO statements, and the various input-output and FORMAT statements often provides even more significant conveniences. In any case, the major part of the translator program is devoted to handling these last mentioned facilities rather than to translating arithmetic expressions. (The near-optimal treatment of arithmetic expressions is sim- ply not as complex a task as a similar treatment of "housekeepingn operations.) A list of the approximate number of instructions in each of the six sections of the translator will give a crude picture of the effort expend- ed in each area. (Recall that Section 1 completely treats arithmetic statements in addition to performing a num- ber of other tasks.)

    The generality and complexity of some of the tech- niques employed to achieve efficient output programs may often be superfluous in many common applications. However the use af such techniques should enable the EQRTRAN system to produce efficient programs for . important problems which involve complex and unusual procedures. In any case the intellectual satisfaction of having formulated and solved some difficult problems of translation and the knowledge and experience ac- quired in the process are themselves almost a sufficient reward for the long effort expended on the FORTRAN project.
     
    URL
    https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/BackusEtAl-FortranAutomaticCodingSystem-1957.pdf
    If the url does not work I have a public space with the original content as a pdf or set of images
    https://1drv.ms/f/c/ea9004809c2729bb/EisCos3pDwdFtiDupCEt7hgBDDfkri_mSFruQi6cKvvZHA?e=NGLC8d
     
  25. richardmurray

    FORTRAN a history from John Backus

    By richardmurray,


    industrial review
    ForTran for formula translating system, I think this is a wonderful read. I must admit, while my agenda in Black Games Elite is for a set of Black people to develop games, wit my involvement as one of them. I do think as a maker, a side project of making a computer is not worthless. It will be ideal to make a computer with its machine code and build upwards , if for no other reason than the acute experience of such a thing which this history partially proves. 
     
    THE HISTORY OF FORTRAN I, II, AND III John Backus IBM Research Laboratory San Jose, California
    I. 1.1 Early background and environment. Attitudes about automatic programming in the 1950's. Before 1954 almost all programming was done in machine language or assembly lan- guage. Programmers rightly regarded their work as a complex, creative art that re- quired human inventiveness to produce an efficient program. Much of their effort was devoted to overcoming the difficulties created by the computers of that era: the lack of index registers, the lack of built- in floating point operations, restricted instruction sets (which might have AND but not OR, for example), and primitive input- output arrangements. Given the nature of computers, the services which "automatic programming" performed for the programmer were concerned with overcoming the machine's shortcomings. Thus the primary concern of some "automatic programming" systems was to allow the use of symbolic addresses and decimal numbers (e.g., the MIDAC Input Translation Program [Brown and Carr 1954]). But most of the larger "automatic. pro- gramming" systems (with the exception of Laning and Zierler's algebraic system [Lan- ing and Zierler 1954] and the A-2 compiler [Remington Rand 1953; Moser 1954]) simply provided a synthetic "computer" with an or- der code different from that of the real machine. This synthetic computer usually had floating point instructions and index registers and had improved input-output com- mands; it was therefore much easier to pro- gram than its real counterpart. The A-2 compiler also came to be a syn- thetic computer sometime after early 1954. But in early 1954 its input had a much cruder form; instead of "pseudo-instruc- tions" its input was then a complex sequence of "compiling instructions" that could take a variety of forms ranging from machine code itself to lengthy groups of words consti- tuting rather clumsy calling sequences for the desired floating point subroutine, to "abbreviated form" instructions that were converted by a "Translator" into ordinary "compiling instructions" [Moser 1954].
    After May 1954 the A-2 compiler acquired a "pseudocode" which was similar to the or- der codes for many floating point interpret- ive systems that were already in operation in 1953: e.g., the Los Alamos systems, DUAL and SHACO [Bouricius 1953; Schlesinger 1953], the MIT "Summer Session Computer" [Adams and Laning 1954], a system for the ILLIAC de- signed by D. J. Wheeler [Muller 1954], and the SPEEDCODING system for the IBM 701 [Backus 1954]. The Laning and zierler system was quite a different story: it was the world's first operating algebraic compiler, a rather ele- gant but simple one. Knuth and Pardo [1977] assign this honor to Alick Glennie's AUTO- CODE, but I, for one, am unable to recognize the sample AUTOCODE program they give as "algebraic", especially when it is compared to the corresponding Laning and Zierler program. All of the early "automatic programming" systems were costly to use, since they slow- ed the machine down by a factor of five or ten. The most common reason for the slow- down was that these systems were spending most of their time in floating point sub- routines. Simulated indexing and other "housekeeping" operations could be done with simple inefficient techniques, since, slow as they were, they took far less time than the floating point work. Experience with slow "automatic program- ming" systems, plus their own experience with the problems of organizing loops and address modification, had convinced programmers that efficient programming was something that could not be automated. An- other reason that "automatic programming" was not taken seriously by the computing community came from the energetic public relations efforts of some visionaries to spread the word that their "automatic pro- gramming" systems had almost human abilities to understand the language and needs of the user; whereas closer inspection of these same systems would often reveal a complex, exception-ridden performer of clerical tasks which was both difficult to use and ineffi- cient. Whatever the reasons, it is diffi- cult to convey to a reader in the late sev-enties the strength of the skepticism about "automatic programming" in general and about its ability to produce efficient programs in particular, as it existed in 1954. (In the above discussion of attitudes about "automatic programming" in 1954 I have mentioned only those actual systems of which my colleagues and I were aware at the time. For a comprehensive treatment of early pro- graining systems and languages I recommend the article by Knuth and Pardo [1977] and Sammet [1969].)
     
    1.2 The economics of programming. Another factor which influenced the de- velopment of FORTRAN was the economics of programming in 1954. The cost of program- mers associated with a computer center was usually at least as great as the cost of the computer itself. (This fact follows from the average salary-plus-overhead and number of programmers at each center and from the computer rental figures.) In addition, from one quarter to one half of the computer's time was spent in debugging. Thus p~ogram- ming and debugging accounted for as much as three quarters of the cost of operating a computer; and obviously, as computers got cheaper, this situation would get worse. This economic factor was one of the prime motivations which led me to propose the FOR- TRAN project in a letter to my boss, Cuth- bert Hurd, in late 1953 (the exact date is not known but other facts suggest December 1953 as a likely date). I believe that the economic need for a system like FORTRAN was one reason why IBM and my successive bosses, Hurd, Charles DeCarlo, and John McPherson, provided for our constantly expanding needs over the next five years without ever ask- ing us to project or justify those needs in a formal budget.
     
    1.3 Programming systems in 1954. It is difficult for a programmer of to- day to comprehend what "automatic program- ming" meant to programmers in 1954. To many it then meant simply providing mnemon- ic operation codes and symbolic addresses, to others it meant the simple'process of obtaining subroutines from a library and inserting the addresses of operands into each subroutine. Most "automatic program- ming" systems were either assembly programs, or subroutine-fixing programs, or, most popularly, interpretive systems to provide floating point and indexing operations. My friends and I were aware of a number of assembly programs and interpretive systems, some of which have been mentioned above; besides these there were primarily two other systems of significance: the A-2 compiler [Remington Rand 1953; Moser 1954] and the Laning and Zierler [1954] algebraic compiler at MIT. As noted above, the A-2 compiler was at that time largely a sub- routine-fixer (its other principal task was to provide for "overlays"); but from the standpoint of its input "programs" it pro- vided fewer conveniences than most of the then current interpretive systems mention- ed earlier; it later adopted a "pseudo- code" as input which was similar to the input codes of these interpretive systems. The Laning and Zierler system accepted as input an elegant but rather simple alge- braic language. It permitted single-letter variables (identifiers) which could have a single constant or variable subscript. The repertoire of functions one could use were denoted by "F" with an integer superscript to indicate the "catalog number" of the de- sired function. Algebraic expressions were compiled into closed subroutines and placed on a magnetic drum for subsequent use. The system was originally designed for the Whirlwind computer when it had 1,024 stor- age cells, with the result that it caused a slowdown in execution speed by a factor of about ten [Adams and Laning 1954]. The effect of the Laning and Zierler system on the development of FORTRAN is a question which has been muddled by many misstatements on my part. For many years I believed that we had gotten the idea for using algebraic notation in FORTRAN from seeing a demonstration of the Laning and Zierler system at MIT. In preparing a pa- per [Backus 1976] for the International Research Conference on the History of Com- puting at Los Alamos (June 10-15, 1976), I reviewed the matter with Irving Ziller and obtained a copy of a 1954 letter [Backus 1954a] (which Dr. Laning kindly sent to me). As a result the facts of the matter have become clear. The letter in question is one I sent to Dr. Laning asking for a demonstration of his system. It makes clear that we had learned of his work at the Office of Naval Research Symposium on Auto- matic Programming for Digital Computers, May 13-14, 1954, and that the demonstration took place on June 2, 1954. The letter also makes clear that the FORTRAN project was well under way when the letter was sent (May 21, 1954) and included Harlan Herrick, Robert A. Nelson, and Irving Ziller as well as myself. Furthermore, an article in the proceedings of that same ONR Symposium by Herrick and myself [Backus and Herrick 1954] shows clearly that we were already consid- ering input expressions like "Zaij jk • b " and "X÷Y". We went on to raise the ques- tion "...can a machine translate a suffi- ciently rich mathematical language into a sufficiently economical program at a suf- ficiently low cost to make the whole affair feasible?" These and other remarks in our paper presented at the Symposium in May 1954 make it clear that we were already considering algebraic input considerably more sophis- ticated than that of Laning and Zierler's system when we first heard of their pioneer- ing work. Thus, although Laning and Zierler had already produced the world's first al-gebraic compiler, our basic ideas for FOR- TRAN had been developed independently; thus it is difficult to know what, if any, new ideas we got from seeing the demonstration of their system. Quasi-footnote: In response to suggestions of the Program Committee let me try to deal explicitly with the question of what work might have in- fluenced our early ideas for FORTRAN, al- though it is mostly a matter of listing work of which we were then unaware. I have already discussed the work of Laning and Zierler and the A-2 compiler. The work of Heinz Rutishauser [1952] is discussed later on. Like most of the world (except perhaps Rutishauser and Corrado B6hm--who was the first to describe a compiler in its own language [B6hm 195~]) we were entirely un- aware of the work of Konrad Zuse [1959; 1972]. Zuse's "Plankalk~l", which he com- pleted in 1945, was, in some ways, a more elegant and advanced programming language than those that appeared ten and fifteen years later. We were also unaware of the work of Mauchly et al. ("Short Code", 1950) , Burks ("Intermediate PL", 1950) , B6hm (1951) , Glennie ("AUTOCODE", 1952) as discussed in Knuth and Pardo [1977]. We were aware of but not influenced by the automatic program- ming efforts which simulated a synthetic computer (e.g., MIT "Summer Session Com- puter", SHACO, DUAL, SPEEDCODING, and the ILLIAC system), since their languages and systems were so different from those of FORTRAN. Nor were we influenced by alge- braic systems which were designed after our "Preliminary Report" [1954] but which began operation before FORTRAN (e.g., BACAIC [Grems and Porter 1956], IT [Per- lis, Smith and Van Zoeren 1957], MATH- MATIC [Ash et al. 1957]). Although PACT I [Baker 1956] was not an algebraic com- piler, it deserves mention as a signifi- cant development designed after the FOR- TRAN language but in operation before FORTRAN, which also did not influence our work. (End of quasi-footnote.) Our ONR Symposium article [Backus and Herrick 195~] also makes clear that the FORTRAN group was already aware that it faced a new kind of problem in automatic programming. The viability of most compil- ers and interpreters prior to FORTRAN had rested on the fact that most source language operations were not machine operations. Thus even large inefficiencies in perform- ing both looping/testing operations and computing addresses were masked by most op- erating time being spent in floating point subroutines. But the advent of the 70~ with built in. floating point and indexing radi- cally altered the situation. The 70~ pre- sented a double challenge to those who wanted to simplify programming; first it re- moved the raison d'Etre of earlier systems by providing in hardware the operations they existed to provide; second, it increased the problem of generating efficient programs by an order of magnitude by speeding up float- ing point operations by a factor of ten and thereby leaving inefficiencies nowhere to hide. In view of the widespread skepticism about the possibility of producing efficient programs with an automatic programming sys- tem and the fact that inefficiencies could no longer be hidden, we were convinced that the kind of system we had in mind would be widely used only if we could demonstrate that it would produce programs almost as efficient as hand coded ones and do so on virtually every job. It was our belief that if FORTRAN, dur- ing its first months, were to translate any reasonable "scientific" source program into an object program only half as fast as its hand coded counterpart, then acceptance of our system would be in serious danger. This belief caused us to regard the design of the translator as the real challenge, not the simple task of designing the lan- guage. Our belief in the simplicity of language design was partly confirmed by the relative ease with which similar languages had been independently developed by Rutis- hauser [1952], Laning and Zierler [1954], and ourselves; whereas we were alone in seeking to produce really efficient object programs. To this day I believe that our emphasis on object program efficiency rather than on language design was basically correct. I believe that had we failed to produce ef- ficient programs, the widespread use of languages like FORTRAN would have been se- riously delayed. In fact, I believe that we are in a similar, but unrecognized, sit- uation today: in spite of all the fuss that has been made over myriad language details, current conventional languages are still very weak programming aids, and far more powerful languages would be in use today if anyone had found a way to make them run with adequate efficiency. In other words, the next revolution in programming will take place only when both of the following requirements have been met: (a) a new kind of programming language, far more powerful than those of today, has been developed and (b) a technique has been found for ex- ecuting its programs at not much greater cost than that of today's programs. Because of our 1954 view that success in producing efficient programs was more im- portant than the design of the FORTRAN lan- guage, I consider the history of the com- piler construction and the work of its in- ventors an integral part of the history of the FORTRAN language; therefore a later section deals with that subject.
     
    2. The early stages of the FORTRAN project. After Cuthbert Hurd approved my proposal to develop a practical automatic program- ming system for the 704 in December 1953 or January 1954, Irving Ziller was assigned to the project. We started work in one of the many small offices the project was to oc- cupy in the vicinity of IBM headquarters at 590 Madison Avenue in New York; the first of these was in the Jay Thorpe Build- ing on Fifth Avenue. By May 1954 we had been joined by Harlan Herrick and then by a new employee who had been hired to do technical typing, Robert A. Nelson (with Ziller, he soon began designing one of the most sophisticated sections of the compiler; he is now an IBM Fellow). By about May we had moved to the 19th floor of the annex of 590 Madison Avenue, next to the elevator machinery; the ground floor of this build- ing housed the 701 installation on which customers tested their programs before the arrival of their own machines. It was here that most of the FORTRAN language was de- signed, mostly by Herrick, Ziller and my- self, except that most of the input-output language and facilities were designed by Roy Nutt, an employee of United Aircraft Corp. who was soon to become a member of the FORTRAN project. After we had finished designing most of the language we heard about Rutishauser's proposals for a similar language [Rutis- hauser 1952]. It was characteristic of the unscholarly attitude of most programmers then, and of ourselves in particular, that we did not bother to carefully review the sketchy translation of his proposals that we finally obtained, since from their sym- bolic content they did not appear to add anything new to our proposed language. Rutishauser's language had a for statement and one-dimensional arrays, but no IF, GOTO, nor I/O statements. Subscript variables could not be used as ordinary variables and operator precedence was ignored. His 1952 article described two compilers for this language (for more details see [Knuth and Pardo 1977]). As far as we were aware, we simply made up the language as we went along. We did not regard language design as a difficult problem, merely a simple prelude to the real problem: designing a compiler which could produce efficient programs. Of course one of our goals was to design a language which would make it possible for engineers and scientists to write programs themselves for the 704. We also wanted to eliminate a lot of the bookkeeping and de- tailed, repetitive planning which hand cod- ing involved. Very early in our work we had in mind the notions of assignment state- ments, subscripted variables, and the DO statement (which I believe was proposed by Herrick). We felt that these provided a good basis for achieving our goals for the language, and whatever else was needed e- merged as we tried to build a way of pro- gramming on these basic ideas. We certainly had no idea that languages almost identical to the one we were working on would be used for more than one IBM com-puter, not to mention those of other manu- facturers. (After all, there were very few computers around then.) But we did expect our system to have a big impact, in the sense that it would make programming for the 704 very much faster, cheaper, more re- liable. We also expected that, if we were successful in meeting our goals, other groups and manufacturers would follow our example in reducing the cost of programming by providing similar systems with different but similar languages [Preliminary Report 1954]. By the fall of 1954 we had become the "Programming Research Group" and I had be- come its "manager". By November of that year we had produced a paper: "Preliminary Report, Specifications for the IBM Mathemat- ical FORmula TRANslating System, FORTRAN" [Preliminary Report 1954] dated November 10. In its introduction we noted that "systems which have sought to reduce the job of cod- ing and debugging problems have offered the choice of easy coding and slow execution or laborious coding and fast execution." On the basis more of faith than of knowledge, we suggested that programs "will be executed in about the same time that would be re- quired had the problem been laboriously hand coded." In what turned out to be a true statement, we said that "FORTRAN may apply complex, lengthy techniques in coding a problem which the human coder would have neither the time nor inclination to derive or apply." The language described in the "Prelimin- ary Report" had variables of one or two characters in length, function names of three or more characters, recursively de- fined "expressions", subscripted variables with up to three subscripts, "arithmetic formulas" (which turn out to be assignment statements), and "DO-formulas". These lat- ter formulas could specify both the first and last statements to be controlled, thus permitting a DO to control a distant se- quence of statements, as well as specifying a third statement to which control would pass following the end of the iteration. If only one statement was specified, the "range" of the DO was the sequence of state- ments following the DO down to the specified statement. Expressions in "arithmetic formulas" could be "mixed": involve both "fixed point" (integer) and "floating point" quantities. The arithmetic used (all integer or all floating point) to evaluate a mixed expres- sion was determined by the type of the variable on the left of the "=" sign. "IF- formulas" employed an equality or inequal- ity sign ("=" or ">" or ">=") between two (restricted) expressions, followed by two statement numbers, one for the "true" case, the other for the "false" case. A "Relabel formula" was designed to make it easy to rotate, say, the indices of the rows of a matrix so that the same computa-tion would apply, after relabelling, even though a new row had been read in and the next computation was now to take place on a different, rotated set of rows. Thus, for example, if b is a 4 by 4 matrix, after RELABEL b(3,1), a reference to b(1,j) has the same meaning as b(3,j) before relabel- ling; b(2,j) after = b(4,j) before; b(3,j) after = b(1,j) before; and b(4,j) after = b(2,j) before relabelling. The input-output statements provided in- cluded the basic notion of specifying the sequence in which data was to be read in or out, but did not include any "Format" state- ments. The Report also lists four kinds of "specification sentences": (I) "dimension sentences" for giving the dimensions of ar- rays, (2) "equivalence sentences" for as- signing the same storage locations to var- iables, (3) "frequency sentences" for in- dicating estimated relative frequency of branch paths or loops to help the compiler optimize the object program, and (4) "rel- ative constant sentences" to indicate sub- script variables which are expected to change their values very infrequently. Toward the end of the Report (pp. 26-27) there is a section "Future additions to the FORTRAN system". Its first item is: "a variety of new input-output formulas which would enable the programmer to specify var- ious formats for cards, printing, input tapes and output tapes" It is believed that this item is a result of our early consultations with Roy Nutt. This section goes on to list other proposed facilities to be added: complex and double precision arithmetic, matrix arithmetic, sorting, solving simultaneous equations, differential equations, and linear programming problems. It also describes function definition cap- abilities similar to those which later ap- peared in FORTRAN II; facilities for num- erical integration; a summation operator; and table lookup facilities. The final section of the Report (pp 28- 29) discusses programming techniques to use to help the system produce efficient pro- grams. It discusses how to use parentheses to help the system identify identical sub- expressions within an expression and there- by eliminate their duplicate calculation. These parentheses had to be supplied only when a recurring subexpression occurred as part of a term (e.g., if a~b occurred in several places, it would be better to write the term a~b~c as (a~b)~c to avoid duplicate calculation); otherwise the system would identify duplicates without any assistance. It also observes that the system would not produce optimal code for loops constructed without DO statements. This final section of the Report also notes that "no special provisions have been included in the FORTRAN system for locating errors in formulas". It suggests checking a program "by independently recreating the specifications for a problem from its FOR- TRAN formulation [!]" It says nothing about the system catching syntactic errors, but notes that an error-finding program can be written after some experience with errors has been accumulated. Unfortunately we were hopelessly opti- mistic in 1954 about the problems of debug- ging FORTRAN programs (thus we find on page 2 of the Report: "Since FORTRAN should vir- tually eliminate coding and debugging... [!]") and hence syntactic error checking facilities in the first distribution of FORTRAN I were weak. Better facilities were added not long after distribution and fairly good syntactic checking was provided in FORTRAN II. The FORTRAN language described in the Programmer's Reference Manual dated October 15, 1956 [IBM 1956] differed in a few re- spects from that of the Preliminary Report, but, considering our ignorance in 1954 of the problems we would later encounter in producing the compiler, there were remark- ably few deletions (the Relabel and Rela- tive Constant statements), a few retreats, some fortunate, some not (simplification of DO statements, dropping inequalities from IF statements--for lack of a ">" symbol, and prohibiting most "mixed" expressions and subscripted subscripts), and the recti- fication of a few omissions (addition of FORMAT, CONTINUE, computed and assigned GO- TO statements, increasing the length of var- iables to up to six characters, and general improvement of input-output statements). Since our entire attitude about language design had always been a very casual one, the changes which we felt to be desirable during the course of writing the compiler were made equally casually. We never felt that any of them involved a real sacrifice in convenience or power (with the possible exception of the Relabel statement, whose purpose was to coordinate input-output with computations on arrays, but this was one facility which we felt would have been really difficult to implement). I believe the simplification of the original DO state- ment resulted from the realization that (a) it would be hard to describe precisely, (b) it was awkward to compile, and (c) it provided little power beyond that of the final version. In our naive unawareness of language design problems--of course we knew nothing of many issues which were later thought to be important, e.g., block structure, con- ditional expressions, type declarations-- it seemed to us that once one had the no- tions of the assignment statement, the sub- scripted variable, and the DO statement in hand (and these were among our earliest i- deas), then the remaining problems of lan- guage design were trivial: either their sol- ution was thrust upon one by the need to provide some machine facility such as read-ing input, or by some programming task which could not be done with existing structures (e.g., skipping to the end of a DO loop without skipping the indexing instructions there: this gave rise to the CONTINUE state- ment). One much-criticized design choice in FORTRAN concerns the use of spaces: blanks were ignored, even blanks in the middle of an identifier. Roy Nutt reminds me that that choice was partly in recognition of a problem widely known in SHARE, the 704 us- ers' association. There was a common pro- blem with keypunchers not recognizing or properly counting blanks in handwritten data, and this caused many errors. We also regarded ignoring blanks as a device to en- able programmers to arrange their programs in a more readable form without altering their meaning or introducing complex rules for formatting statements. Another debatable design choice was to rule out "mixed" mode expressions involving both integer and floating point quantities. Although our Preliminary Report had included such expressions, and rules for evaluating them, we felt that if code for type conver- sion were to be generated, the user should be aware of that, and the best way to insure that he was aware was to ask him to specify them. I believe we were also doubtful of the usefulness of the rules in our Report for evaluating mixed expressions. In any case, the most common sort of "mixtures" was allowed: integer exponents and func- tion arguments were allowed in a floating point expression. In late 1954 and early 1955, after com- pleting the Preliminary Report, Harlan Her- rick, Irving Ziller and I gave perhaps five or six talks about our plans for FORTRAN to various groups of IBM customers who had or- dered a 704 (the 704 had been announced about May 1954). At these talks we covered the material in the Report and discussed our plans for the compiler (which was to be com- pleted within about six months [!] ; this was to remain the interval-to-completion until it actually was completed over two years later, in April 1957). In addition to informing customers about our plans, an- other purpose of these talks was to assemble a list of their objections and further re- quirements. In this we were disappointed; our listeners were mostly skeptical; I be- lieve they had heard too many glowing des- criptions of what turned out to be clumsy systems to take us seriously. In those days one was accustomed to finding lots of pecul- iar but significant restrictions in a system when it finally arrived that had not been mentioned in its original description. Most of all, our claims that we would produce ef- ficient object programs were disbelieved. Whatever thereasons, we received almost no suggestions or feedback; our listeners had done almost no thinking about the problems we faced and had almost no suggestions or criticisms. Thus we felt that our trips to Washington (D.C.), Albuquerque, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, and one or two other places were not very helpful. One trip to give our talk, probably in January 1955, had an excellent payoff. This talk, at United Aircraft Corp., resulted in an agreement between our group and Walter Ramshaw at United Aircraft that Roy Nutt would become a regular part of our effort (although remaining an employee of United Aircraft) to contribute his expertise on input-output and assembly routines. With a few breaks due to his involvement in writing various SHARE programs, he would thenceforth come to New York two or three times a week until early 1957. It is difficult to assess the influence the early work of the FORTRAN group had on other projects. Certainly the discussion of Laning and Zierler's algebraic compiler at the ONR Symposium in May 1954 would have been more likely to persuade someone to un- dertake a similar line of effort than would the brief discussion of the merits of using "a fairly natural mathematical language" that appeared there in the paper by Herrick and myself [Backus and Herrick 1954]. But it was our impression that our discussions with various groups after that time, their access to our Preliminary Report, and their awareness of the extent and seriousness of our efforts, that these factors either gave the initial stimulus to some other projects or at least caused them to be more active than they might have been otherwise. It was our impression, for example, that the "IT" project [Perlis, Smith and Van Zoeren 1957] at Purdue and later at Carnegie-Mellon began shortly after the distribution of our Preliminary Report, as did the "MATH-MATIC" project [Ash et al. 1957] at Sperry Rand. It is not clear what influence, if any, our Los Angeles talk and earlier contacts with members of their group had on the PACT I effort [Baker 1956], which I believe was already in its formative stages when we got to Los Angeles. It is clear, whatever in- fluence the specifications for FORTRAN may have had on other projects in 1954-55-56, that our plans were well advanced and quite firm by the end of 1954 and before we had contact or knowledge of those other pro- jects. Our specifications were not affected by them in any significant way as far as I am aware, even though some were operating before FORTRAN was (since they were prima- rily interested in providing an input lan- guage rather than in optimization, their task was considerably simpler than ours).
     
    3. The construction of the compiler. The FORTRAN compiler (or "translator" as we called it then) was begun in early 1955, although a lot of work on various schemes which would be used in it had been done in 1954; e.g., Herrick had done a lot of trial programming to test out our language and we had worked out the basic sort of machine programs which we wanted the compiler to generate for various source language phrases; Ziller and I had worked out a basic scheme for translating arithmetic expres- sions. But the real work on the compiler got under way in our third location on the fifth floor of 15 East 56th Street. By the middle of February three separate efforts were un- derway. The first two of these concerned sections I and 2 of the compiler, and the third concerned the input, output and as- sembly programs we were going to need (see below). We believed then that these efforts would produce most of the compiler. (The entire project was carried on by a loose cooperation between autonomous, sep- arate groups of one, two, or three people; each group was responsible for a "section" of the compiler; each group gradually devel- oped and agreed upon its own input and out- put specifications with the groups for neighboring sections; each group invented and programmed the necessary techniques for doing its assigned job.) Section I was to read the entire source program, compile what instructions it could, and fi]e all the rest of the information from the source program in appropriate tables'. Thus the compiler was "one pass" in the sense that it "saw" the source pro- gram only once. Herrick was responsible for creating most of the tables, Peter Sheridan (who had recently joined us) com- piled all the arithmetic expressions, and Roy Nutt compiled and/or filed the I/O statements. Herrick, Sheridan and Nutt got some help later on from R. J. Beeber and H. Stern, but they were the architects of sec- tion I and wrote most of its code. Sheridan devised and implemented a number of optimiz- ing transformations on expressions [Sheridan 1959] which sometimes radically altered them (of course without changing their meaning). Nutt transformed the I/O "lists of quan- tities" into nests of DO statements which were then treated by the regular mechanisms of the compiler. The rest of the I/O infor- mation he filed for later treatment in sec- tion 6, the assembler section. (For further details about how the various sections of the compiler worked see [Backus et al. 1957] .) Using the information that was filed in section I, section 2 faced a completely new kind of problem; it was required to an- alyze the entire structure of the program in order to generate optimal code from DO statements and references to subscripted variables. The simplest way to effect a reference to A(I,J) is to evaluate an ex- pression involving the address of A(I,1), I, and K×J, where K is the length of a col- umn (when A is stored column-wise). But this calculation, with its multiplication, is much less efficient than the way most hand coded programs effect a reference to A(I,J), namely, by adding an appropriate constant to the address of the preceding reference to the array A whenever I and J are changing linearly. To employ this far more efficient method section 2 had to determine when the surrounding program was changing I and J linearly. Thus one problem was that of distinguish- ing between, on the one hand, references to an array element which the translator might treat by incrementing the ad4ress used for a previous reference, and those array ref- erences, on the other hand, which would re- quire an address calculation starting from scratch with the current values of the sub- scripts. It was decided that it was not practical to track down and identify linear changes in subscripts resulting from assignment statements. Thus the sole criterion for linear changes, and hence for efficient handling of array references, was to be that the subscripts involved were being controlled by DO statements. Despite this simplifying assumption, the number of cases that section 2 had to analyze in order to produce optimal or near-optimal code was very large. (The number of such cases in- creased exponentially with the number of subscripts; this was a prime factor in our decision to limit them to three; the fact that the 704 had only three index registers was not a factor.) It is beyond the scope of this paper to go into the details of the analysis which section 2 carried out. It will suffice to say that it produced code of such efficien- cy that its output would startle the pro- grammers who studied it. It moved code out of loops where that was possible; it took advantage of the differences between row- wise and column-wise scans; it took note of special cases to optimize even the exits from loops. The degree of optimization performed by section 2 in its treatment of indexing, array references, and loops was not equalled again until optimizing compil- ers began to appear in the middle and late sixties. The architecture and all the techniques employed in section 2 were invented by Rob- ert A. Nelson and Irving Ziller. They plan- ned and programmed the entire section. Orig- inally it was their intention to produce the complete code for their area, including the choice of the index registers to be used (the 704 had three index registers). When they started looking at that problem it rapidly became clear that it was not go- ing to be easy to treat it optimally. At that point I proposed that they should pro- duce a program for a 704 with an unlimited number of index registers, and that later sections would analyze the frequency of ex- ecution of various parts of the program (by a Monte Carlo simulation of its execu- tion) and then make index register assign- ments so as to minimize the transfers of items between the store and the index reg-isters. This proposal gave rise to two new sec- tions of the compiler which we had not an- ticipated, sections 4 and 5 (section 3 was added still later to convert the output of sections I and 2 to the form required for sections 4, 5, and 6). In the fall of 1955 Lois Mitchell Haibt joined our group to plan and program section 4, which was to analyze the flow of a program produced by sections I and 2, divide it into "basic blocks" (which contained no branching), do a Monte Carlo (statistical) analysis of the expected frequency of execution of basic blocks--by simulating the behavior of the program and keeping counts of the use of each block--using information from DO state- ments and FREQUENCY statements, and collect information about index register usage (for more details see [Backus et al. 1957; Cocke and Schwartz 1970 p.511]) . Section 5 would then do the actual transformation of the program from one having an unlimited number of index registers to one having only three. Again, the section was entirely planned and programmed by Haibt. Section 5 was planned and programmed by Sheldon Best, who was loaned to our group by agreement with his employer, Charles W. Adams, at the Digital Computer Laboratory at MIT; during his stay with us Best was a temporary IBM employee. Starting in the early fall of 1955, he designed what turned out to be, along with section 2, one of the most intricate and complex sections of the compiler, one which had perhaps more in- fluence on the methods used in later com- pilers than any other part of the FORTRAN compiler. (For a discussion of his tech- niques see [Cocke and Schwartz 1970 pp. 510- 515].) It is impossible to describe his register allocation method here; it suffices to say that it was to become the basis for much subsequent work and produced code which was very difficult to improve. Although I believe that no provably optimal register allocation algorithm is known for general programs with loops, etc., empirically Best's 1955-56 procedure ap- peared to be optimal. For straight-line code Best's replacement policy was the same as that used in Belady's MIN algorithm, which Belady proved to be optimal [Belady 1965]. Although Best did not publish a formal proof, he had convincing arguments for the optimality of his policy in 1955. Late in 1955 it was recognized that yet another section, section 3, was needed. This section merged the outputs of the pre- ceding sections into a single uniform 704 program which could refer to any number of index registers. It was planned and pro- grammed by Richard Goldberg, a mathematician who joined us in November 1955. Also, late in 1956, after Best had returned to MIT and during the debugging of the system, section 5 was taken over by Goldberg and David Sayre (see below), who diagrammed it care-fully and took charge of its final debug- ging. The final section of the compiler, sec- tion 6, assembled the final program into a relocatable binary program (it could also produce a symbolic program in SAP, the SHARE Assembly Program for the 704). It produced a storage map of the program and data that was a compact summary of the FOR- TRAN output. Of course it also obtained the necessary library programs for inclusion in the object program, including those re- quired to interpret FORMAT statements and perform input-output operations. Taking advantage of the special features of the programs it assembled, this assembler was about ten times faster than SAP. It was designed and programmed by Roy Nutt, who also wrote all the I/O programs and the re- locating binary loader for loading object programs. By the summer of 1956 large parts of the system were working. Sections I, 2, and 3 could produce workable code provided no more than three index registers were needed. A number of test programs were compiled and run at this time. Nutt took part of the system to United Aircraft (sections I, 2, and 3 and the part of section 6 which pro- duced SAP output). This part of the system was productive there from the summer of 1956 until the complete system was available in early 1957. From late spring of 1956 to early 1957 the pace of debugging was intense; often we would rent rooms in the Langdon Hotel (which disappeared long ago) on 56th Street, sleep there a little during the day and then stay up all night to get as much use of the computer (in the headquarters annex on 57th Street) as possible. It was an exciting period; when later on we began to get fragments of compiled pro- grams out of the system, we were often as- tonished at the surprising transformations in the indexing operations and in the ar- rangement of the computation which the com- piler made, changes which made the object program efficient but which we would not have thought to make as programmers our- selves (even though, of course, Nelson or Ziller could figure out how the indexing worked, Sheridan could explain how an ex- pression had been optimized beyond recog- nition, and Goldberg or Sayre could tell us how section 5 had generated additional in- dexing operations). Transfers of control appeared which corresponded to no source statement, expressions were radically re- arranged, and the same DO statement might produce no instructions in the object pro- gram in one context, and in another it would produce many instructions in differ- ent places in the program. By the summer of 1956 what appeared to be the imminent completion of the project started us worrying (for perhaps the first time) about documentation. David Sayre, a crystallographer who had joined us in the spring (he had earlier consulted with Best on the design of section 5 and had later be- gun serving as second-in-command of what was now the '~Programming Research Department") took up the task of writing the Programmer's Reference Manual [IBM 1956]. It appeared in a glossy cover, handsomely printed, with the date October 15, 1956. It stood for some time as a unique example of a manual for a programming language (perhaps it still does): it had wide margins, yet was only 51 pages long. Its description of the FORTRAN language, exclusive of input-output state- ments, was 21 pages; the I/O description occupied another 11 pages; the rest of it was examples and details about arithmetic, tables, etc.. It gave an elegant recursive definition of expressions (as given by Sher- idan), and concise, clear descriptions, with examples, of each statement type, of which there were 32, mostly machine dependent i- tems like SENSE LIGHT, IF DIVIDE CHECK, PUNCH, READ DRUM, and so on. (For examples of its style see figs. I, 2, and 3.) One feature of FORTRAN I is missing from the Programmer's Reference Manual, not from an oversight of Sayre's, but because it was added to the system after the manual was written and before the system was distrib- uted. This feature was the ability to de- fine a function by a "function statement". These statements had to precede the rest of the program. They looked like assignment statements, with the defined function and dummy arguments on the left and an expres- sion involving those arguments on the right. They are described in the addenda to the Programmer's Reference Manual [Addenda 1957] which we sent on February 8, 1957 to John Greenstadt, who was in charge of IBM's fac- ility for distributing information to SHARE. They are also described in all sub- sequent material on FORTRAN I. The next documentation task we set our- selves was to write a paper describing the FORTRAN language and the translator program. The result was a paper entitled "The FOR- TRAN automatic coding system" [Backus et al. 1957] which we presented at the Western Joint Computer Conference in Los Angeles in February 1957. I have mentioned all of the thirteen authors of that paper in the pre- ceding narrative except one: Robert A. Hughes. He was employed by the Livermore Radiation Laboratory; by arrangement with Sidney Fernbach, he visited us for two or three months in the summer of 1956 to help us document the system. (The authors of that paper were: J. W. Backus, R. J. Beeber, S. Best, R. Goldberg, L. M. Haibt, H. L. Herrick, R. A. Hughes, R. A. Nelson, R. Nutt, D. Sayre, P. B. Sheridan, H. Stern, I. Ziller.) At about the time of the Western Joint Computer Conference we spent some time in Los Angeles still frantically debugging the system. North American Aviation gave us time at night on their 704 to help us in our mad rush to distribute the system. Up to this point there had been relatively little interest from 704 instablations (with the exception of Ramshaw's United Aircraft shop, Harry Cantrell's GE installation in Schenectady, and Sidney Fernbach's Liver- more operation), but now that the full sys- tem was beginning to generate object pro- grams, interest picked up in a number of places. Sometime in early April 1957 we felt the system was sufficiently bug-free to distrib- ute to all 704 installations. Sayre and Grace Mitchell (see below) started to punch out the binary decks of the system, each of about 2,000 cards, with the intention to make 30 or 40 decks for distribution. This process was so error-prone that they had to give up after spending an entire night in producing only one or two decks. (Apparently one of those decks was sent, without any identification or directions, to the Westinghouse Bettis installation, where a puzzled group headed by Herbert S. Bright, suspecting that it might be the long-awaited FORTRAN deck, proceeded, en- tirely by guesswork, to get it to compile a test program--after a diagnostic print- out noting that a comma was missing in a specific statement! This program then printed 28 pages of correct results--with a few FORMAT errors. The date: April 20, 1957. An amusing account of this incident by Bright is in Computers and Automation [Bright 1971].) After failing to produce binary decks, Sayre devised and programmed the simple editor and loader that made it possible to distribute and update the system from mag- netic tapes; this arrangement served as the mechanism for creating new system tapes from a master tape and the binary correction cards which our group would generate in large numbers during the long field debug- ging and maintenance period which followed distribution. With the distribution of the system tapes went a "Preliminary Operator's Man- ual" [Operator's Manual 1957] dated April 8, 1957. It describes how to use the tape ed-itor and how to maintain the library of functions. Five pages of such general in- structions are followed by 32 pages of er- ror stops; many of these say "source program error, get off machine, correct for-mula in question and restart problem" and then, for example (stop 3624) "non-zero level reduction due to insufficient or re- dundant parentheses in arithmetic or IF- type formula". Shortly after the distrib- ution of the system we distributed--one copy per installation--what was fondly known as the "Tome", the complete symbolic listing of the entire compiler plus other system and diagnostic information, an 11" by 15" volume about four or five inches thick.
     
    NOTE:the graphics below are explanatory, so I placed pertinent text under each image but continue past the graphics as before absent text, note the link at the end of this post has pertinent information
     

    Subscripts.
    GENERAL FORM
    Let v represent any fixed point variable and c (or c') any-unsigned fixed point constant. Then a subscript is an expression of one of the forms: V C V+C or V--C c*v c* V+C' or c*v--c'
    EXAMPLES
    I 3 MU+2 MU-2 5*J 5"J+2 5"J-2
    The symbol • denotes multiplication. The variable v must not itself be sub- scripted.
    Subscripted Variables.
    GENERAL FORM
    A fixed or floating point variable followed, by parentheses enclosing 1, 2, or 3 subscripts separated by commas.
    EXAMPLES
    A(I) K(3) BEIA(5*.I-2, K + 2,L)
    For each wlriable that appears in subscripted form the size of the array (i.e. the maxinuun wdues which its subscripts can attain) must be stated in a DIMEN- SION statement (see Chapter 6) preceding the first appearance of the variable. The minimum value which a subscript may assume in the object program is + 1. A rrangement o/A rrays in Storage. A 2-dimensional array A will, in the object program, be stored sequentially in the order A1,1, A2.1, • ..... Am,l, A],z, A2,2, • ..... Am,2, • ........ Am,,. Thus it is stored "columnwise", with the first of its subscripts varying most rapidly, and the last varying least rapidly. The same is true of 3-dimensional arrays. l-dimensional arrays are of course simply stored sequentially. All arrays are stored backwards in storage; i.e. the above sequence is in the order of decreas- ing absolute location.
     
     

    Any such routine will be compiled into the object program as a closed subrou- tine. In the section on Writing Subroutines for the Master Tape in Chapter 7 are given the specifications which any such routine must meet.
    Expressions
    An expression is any sequence of constants, w~riables (subscripted or not sub- scripted), and functions, separated by operation symbols, commas, and paren- theses so as to form a meaningful mattmmatical expression. However, one special restriction does exist. A FORTRAN expression may be either a fixed or a lloating point expression, but it must not be a mixed expression. This does not mean that a floating point quantity can not appear in a fixed point expression, or vice versa, but rather that a quantity of one mode can appear in an expression of the other mode only in certain ways. Brielty, a floating point quantity can appear in a fixed point expression only as an argument of a function; a fixed point quantity can appear in a floating point expression only as an argument of a function, or as a subscript, or as an exponent.
    Formal Rules /or Forming Expressions. By repeated use of the following rules, all permissible expressions may be derived.
    1. Any fixed point (floating point) constant, variable, or subscripted variable is an expression of the same mode. Thus 3 and I are fixed point expressions, and AI.I'HA and A(I,J,K) are tloating point exprcssi~ms. 
    2. If SOMEF is some function of n wLriahles, and if E, F ...... , H are a set of n expressions of the correct modes for SOMEF, then SONIEF (E, F, .... H) is an expression of the same mode as SOMEF.
    3. If E is an expression, and if its lirst character is not -t or --, then t- E and --E are expressions of the same mode as E. Thus -A is an expression, but -k-A is not.
    4. If E is an expression, then (E) is an expression of the same mode as E. Thus (A), ((A)), (((A))),.ctc. are expressions.
    5. If E and F are expressions of the same mode, and if the first character of F is not + or--, then E+F E-F E* F [/F are expressions of the same mode. Thus A--+ B and A/4 B are not expres- sions. The characters +, -, *, and / denote addition, subtraction, multi- plication, and division.

    STOP
    GENERAL FORM
    "STOP" or "STOP n" where n is an unsigned octal fixed point constant.
    EXAMPLES
    STOP
    STOP 77777
    This statement causes the machine to HALT in such a way that pressing the START button has no effect. Therefore, in contrast to the PAUSE, it is used where a get-oil-the-machine stop, rather than a temporary stop, is desired. The octal number n is displayed on the 704 console in the address field of the storage register. (If n is not stated it is taken to be 0.)
     
    DO
    GENERAL FORM
    "DO n i = m,, m2" or "DO n i = m,, m2, m3" where n is a statement number, i is a non-subscripted fixed point variable, and m,, m2, ma are each either an unsigned fixed point constant or a non-subscripted fixed point variable. If ma is not stated it is taken to be 1.
    EXAMPLES
    DO 301 = 1,10
    DO301 = 1, M, 3
    The DO statement is a command to "DO the statements which follow, to and including the statement with statement number n, repeatedly, the first time with i = m~ and with i increased by mz for each succeeding time; after they have been done with i equal to the highest of this sequence of values which does not exceed m., let control reach the statement following the statement with state- mcnt number n". The range of a DO is the set of statements which will be executed re- peatedly; it is the sequence of consecutive statements immediately following the DO, to and including the statement numbered n. The index of a DO is the fixed point variable i, which is controlled by the DO in such a way that its value begins at ml and is increased each time by ma until it is about to exceed m> Throughout the range it is available for com- putation, either as an ordinary fixed point variable or as the variable of a subscript. During the last execution of the range, the DO is said to be satisfied. Suppose, for example, that control has reached statement 10 of the program
    10 DO 11 I= 1, 10
    11 A(I) = I*N(I)
    12
     
    NOTE: Continuing text from here on
     
    The proprietors of the six sections were kept busy tracking down bugs elicited by our customers' use of FORTRAN until the late summer of 1957. Hal Stern served as the co- ordinator of the field debugging and main- tenance effort; he received a stream of telegrams, mail and phone calls from all over the country and distributed the in- coming problems to the appropriate members of our group to track down the errors and generate correction cards, which he then distributed to every installation. In the spring of 1957 Grace E. Mitchell joined our group to write the Programmer's Primer [IBM 1957] for FORTRAN. The Primer was divided into three sections; each des- cribed successively larger subsets of the language accompanied by many example pro- grams. The first edition of the Primer was issued in the late fall or winter of 1957; a slightly revised edition appeared in March 1958. Mitchell planned and wrote the 64-page Primer with some consultation with the rest of the group; she later programmed most of the extensive changes in the system which resulted in FORTRAN II (see below). The Primer had an important influence on the subsequent growth in the use of the sys- tem. I believe it was the only available simplified instruction manual (other than reference manuals) until the later appear- ance of books such as [McCracken 1961], [Organick 1963] and many others. A report on FORTRAN usage in November 1958 [Backus 1958] says that "a survey in April [1958] of twenty-six 704 installations indicates that over half of them use FORTRAN [I] for more than half of their problems. Many use it for 80~ or more of their work... and almost all use it for some of their work." By the fall of 1958 there were some 60 installations with about 66 704s, and "... more than half the machine instruc- tions for these machines are being produced by FORTRAN. SHARE recently designated FOR- TRAN as the second official medium for transmittal of programs [SAP was the first] ., ."
     
    4. FORTRAN II During the field debugging period some shortcomings of the system design, which we had been aware of earlier but had no time to deal with, were constantly coming to our attention. In the early fall of 1957 we started to plan ways of correcting these shortcomings; a document dated September 25, 1957 [Proposed Specifications 1957] characterizes them as (a) a need for better diagnostics, clearer comments about the nature of source program errors, and (b) the need for subroutine definition capabil- ities. "(Although one FORTRAN I diagnostic would pinpoint, in a printout, a missing comma in a particular statement, others could be very cryptic.) This document is titled "Proposed Specifications for FORTRAN II for the 704"; it sketches a more general diagnostic system and describes the new "subroutine definition" and END statements, plus some others which were not implemented. It describes how symbolic information is retained in the relocatable binary form of a subroutine so that the "binary symbolic subroutine [BSS] loader" can implement ref- erences to separately compiled subroutines. It describes new prologues for these sub- routines and points out that mixtures of FORTRAN-coded and assembly-coded relocat- able binary programs could be loaded and run together. It does not discuss the FUNC- TION statement that was also available in FORTRAN II. FORTRAN II was designed mostly by Nelson, Ziller, and myself. Mitchell programmed the majority of new code for FORTRAN II (with the most unusual feature that she delivered it ahead of schedule). She was aided in this by Bernyce Brady and LeRoy May. Sheridan planned and made the necessary changes in his part of section I; Nutt did the same for section 6. FORTRAN II was distributed in the spring of 1958.
     
    5. FORTRAN III While FORTRAN II was being developed, Ziller was designing an even more advanced system that he called FORTRAN III. It al- lowed one to write intermixed symbolic in- structions and FORTRAN statements. The sym- bolic (704) instructions could have FORTRAN variables (with or without subscripts) as "addresses". In addition to this machine dependent feature (which assured the demise of FORTRAN III along with that of the 704), it contained early versions of a number of improvements that were later to appear in FORTRAN IV. It had "Boolean" expressions, function and subroutine names could be passed as arguments, and it had facilities for handling alphanumeric data, including a new FO~4AT code "A" similar to codes "I" and "E". This system was planned and pro- grammed by Ziller with some help from Nelson and Nutt. Ziller maintained it and made it available to about 20 (mostly IBM) instal- lations. It was never distributed general- ly. It was accompanied by a brief descrip- tive document [Additions to FORTRAN II 1958]. It became available on this limited scale in the winter of 1958-59 and was in operation until the early sixties, in part on the 709 using the compatibility feature (which made the 709 order code the same as that of the 704).
     
    6. FORTRAN after 1958; comments. By the end of 1958 or early 1959 the FORTRAN group (the Programming Research Department), while still helping with an occasional debugging problem with FORTRAN II, was primarily occupied with other re- search. Another IBM department had long since taken responsibility for the FORTRAN system and was revising it in the course of producing a translator for the 709 which used the same procedures as the 704 FORTRAN II translator. Since my friends and I no longer had responsibility for FORTRAN and were busy thinking about other things by the end of 1958, that seems like a good point to break off this account. There remain only a few comments to be made about the subsequent development of FORTRAN. The most obvious defect in FORTRAN II for many of its users was the time spent in compiling. Even though the facilities of FORTRAN II permitted separate compilation of subroutines and hence eliminated the need to recompile an entire program at each step in debugging it, nevertheless compile times were long and, during debugging, the considerable time spent in optimizing was wasted. I repeatedly suggested to those who were in charge of FORTRAN that they should now develop a fast compiler and/or interpreter without any optimizing at all for use during debugging and for short-run jobs. Unfortunately the developers of FORTRAN IV thought they could have the best of both worlds in a single compiler, one which was both fast and produced optimized code. I was unsuccessful in convincing them that two compilers would have been far bet- ter than the compromise which became the original FORTRAN IV compiler. The latter was not nearly as fast as later compilers like WATFOR [Cress, Dirksen and Graham 1970] nor did it produce as good code as FORTRAN II. (For more discussion of later develop- ments with FORTRAN see [Backus and Heising 196~] .) My own opinion as to the effect of FOR- TRAN on later languages and the collective impact of such languages on programming gen- erally is not a popular opinion. That viewpoint is the subject of a long paper [Backus 1978] which should appear soon in the Communications of the ACM. I now re- gard all conventional languages (e.g., the FORTRANs, the ALGOLs, their successors and derivatives) as increasingly complex elab- orations of the style of programming dic- tated by the von Neumann computer. These "von Neumann languages" create enormous, unnecessary intellectual roadblocks in thinking about programs and in creating the higher level combining forms required in a really powerful programming methodology. Von Neumann languages constantly keep our noses pressed in the dirt of address com- putation and the separate computation of single words, whereas we should be focusing on the form and content of the overall re- sult we are trying to produce. We have come to regard the DO, FOR, WHILE statements and the like as powerful tools, whereas they are in fact weak palliatives that are necessary to make the primitive von Neumann style of programming viable at all. By splitting programming into a world of expressions on the one hand and a world of statements on the other, von Neumann lan- guages prevent the effective use of higher level combining forms; the lack of the lat- ter makes the definitional capabilities of yon Neumann languages so weak that most of their important features cannot be defined--starting with a small, elegant framework-- but must be built into the framework of the language at the outset. The Gargantuan size of recent von Neumann languages is eloquent proof of their inability to define new con- structs: for no one would build in so many complex features if they could be defined and would fit into the existing framework later on. The world of expressions has some elegant and useful mathematical properties whereas the world of statements is a disorderly one, without useful mathemetical properties. Structured programming can be viewed as a modest effort to introduce a small amount of order into the chaotic world of state- ments. The Dijkstra work [1976] of Hoare [1969], and others to axiom- atize the properties of the statement world can be viewed as a valiant and effective effort to be precise about those properties, ungainly as they may be. This is not the place for me to elaborate any further my views about von Neumann lan- guages. My point is this: while it was perhaps natural and inevitable that lan- guages like FORTRAN and its successors should have developed out of the concept of the von Neumann computer as they did, the fact that such languages have dominated our thinking for twenty years is unfortunate. It is unfortunate because their long-stand- ing familiarity will make it hard for us to understand and adopt new programming styles which one day will offer far greater intel- lectual and computational power.
     
    Acknowledgments
    My greatest debt in connection with this paper is to my old friends and colleagues whose creativity, hard work and invention made FORTRAN possible. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my gratitude to them for their contributions to the project, for making our work together so long ago such a con- genial and memorable experience, and, more recently, for providing me with a great amount of information and helpful material in preparing this paper and for their care- ful reviews of an earlier draft. For all this I thank all those who were associated with the FORTRAN project but who are too numerous to list here. In particular I want to thank those who were the principal movers in making FORTRAN a reality: Sheldon Best, Richard Goldberg, Lois Haibt, Harlan Herrick, Grace Mitchell, Robert Nelson, Roy Nutt, David Sayre, Peter Sheridan, and Irving Ziller. I also wish to thank Bernard Galler, J. A. N. Lee, and Henry Tropp for their am- iable, extensive and invaluable suggestions for improving the first draft of this paper. I am grateful too for all the work of the program committee in preparing helpful ques- tions that suggested a number of topics in the paper.
     
    REFERENCES 
    Most of the items listed below have dates in the fifties, thus many that appeared in the open literature will be obtainable only in the largest and oldest collections. The items with an asterisk were either not pub- lished or were of such a nature as to make their availability even less likely than that of the other items.
     
    Adams, Charles W. and Laning, J. H., Jr. 195~ May. The MIT systems of automatic coding: Comprehensive, Summer Session, and Algebraic. In Proc. Symp. on Auto- matic Programming for Digital Computers. Washington DC: The Office of Naval Re- search.
     
    •Addenda to the FORTRAN Programmer's Ref- erence Manual. 1957 February 8. (Trans- mitted to Dr. John Greenstadt, Special Programs Group, Applied Science Division, IBM, for distribution to SHARE members, by letter from John W. Backus, Program- ming Research Dept. IBM. 5 pages.)
     
    •Additions to FORTRAN II 1958. Description of Source Language Additions to the FOR- TRAN II System. New York: Programming Research, IBM Corp. (Distributed to users of FORTRAN III. 12 pages.)
     
    •Ash, R.; Broadwin, E.; Della Valle, V.; Katz, C.; Greene, M.; Jenny, A.; and Yu, L. 1957. Preliminary Manual for MATH- MATIC and AR!TH-MATIC Systems (for Alge- braic Translation and Compilation for UNIVAC I and II). Philadelphia Pa: Rem- ington Rand UNIVAC.
     
    Backus, J. W. 1954 January. The IBM 701 Speedcoding system. JACM I (I):4-6.
     
    *Backus, John 1954 May 21. Letter to J. H. Laning, Jr.
     
    Backus, J. W. 1958 November. Automatic programming: properties and performance of FORTRAN systems I and II. In Proc. S~mp. on the Mechanisation of Thought Processes. Teddington, Middlesex, Eng- land: The National Physical Laboratory.
     
    Backus, John 1976 June 10-15. Programming in America in the nineteen fifties-- some personal impressions. In Proc. International Conf. on the History of Computing, Los Alamos. (Publisher yet to be selected.)
     
    Backus, John 1978. The von Neumann style as an obstacle to high level programming; an alternative functional style and its algebra of programs. (to appear CACM).
     
    Backus, J. W. and Heising, W. P. 1964 Aug- ust. "FORTRAN. In IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers. Vol EC-13 (4): 382-385.
     
    Backus, John W. and Herrick, Harlan 1954 May. IBM 701 Speedcoding and other auto-matic programming systems. In Proc. Symp. on Automatic Programming for Digi- tal Computers. Washington DC: The Office of Naval Research.
     
    Backus, J. W.; Beeber, R. J.; Best, S.; Goldberg, R.; Haibt, L. M.; Herrick, H. L.; Nelson, R. A.; Sayre, D.; Sheri- dan, P. B.; Stern, H.; Ziller, I.; Hughes, R. A.; and Nutt, R. 1957 Feb- ruary. The FORTRAN automatic coding system. In Proc. Western Joint Computer Conf. Los Angeles.
     
    Baker, Charles L. 1956 October. The PACT I coding system for the IBM Type 701. JACM 3 (4): 272-278.
     
    Belady, L.A. 1965 June 15. Measurements on programs: one level store simulation. Yorktown Heights NY: IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Report RC 1420.
     
    B6hm, Corrado 1954. Calculatrices digi- tales: Du d~chiffrage de formules logi- co-math~matiques par la machine m~me dans la conception du programme. In Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata 37 (4): 175-217.
     
    Bouricius, Willard G. 1953 December. Op- erating experience with the Los Alamos 701. In Proc. Eastern Joint_Computer Conf. Washington DC.
     
    Bright, Herbert S. 1971 November. FORTRAN comes to Westinghouse-Bettis, 1957. In Computers and Automation.
     
    Brown, J. H. and Carr, John W., III 1954 May. Automatic programming and its de- velopment on MIDAC. In Proc. Symp. on Automatic Programming for Digital Com- puters. Washington DC: The Office of Naval Research.
     
    Cocke, John and Schwartz, J. T. 1970 April. Programming Languages and their Compil- ers. (Preliminary Notes, Second Revised Version, April 1970) New York: New York University, The Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.
     
    Cress, Paul; Dirksen, Paul; and Graham, J. Wesley 1970. FORTRAN IV with WATFOR and WATFIV. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Pren- tice-Hall.
     
    Dijkstra, Edsger W. 1976. A Discipline of Programming. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Pren- tice-Hall.
     
    Grems, Mandalay and Porter, R. E. 1956. A truly automatic programming system. In Proc. Western Joint Computer Conf. 10-21.
     
    Hoare, C. A. R. 1969 October. An axiomatic basis for computer programming. CACM 12 (10): 576-580, 583.
     
    • IBM 1956 October 15. Programmer's Refer- ence Manual, The FORTRAN Automatic Cod- ing System for the IBM 704 EDPM. New York: IBM Corp. (Applied Science Division and Programming Research Dept., Working Committee: J. W. Backus, R. J. Beeber, S. Best, R. Goldberg, H. L. Herrick, R. A. Hughes [Univ. of calif. Radiation Lab. Livermore, Calif.], L. B. Mitchell, R. A. Nelson, R. Nutt [United Aircraft Corp., East Hartford, Conn.], D. Sayre, P. B. Sheridan, H. Stern, I. Ziller).
     
    • IBM 1957. Progra~nmer's Primer for FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704. New York: IBM Corp. Form No. 32-0306.
     
    Knuth, Donald E. and Pardo, Luis Trabb 1977. Early development of programming languages. In Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology. Vol 7:419-493. New York: Marcel Dekker.
     
    • Laning, J. H. and Zierler, N. 1954 Jan- uary. A program for translation of math- ematical equations for Whirlwind I. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Instrumentation Lab. Engineering Memorandum E-364.
     
    McCracken, Daniel D. 1961. A Guide to FORTRAN Programming. New York: Wiley.
     
    Moser, Nora B. 1954 May. Compiler method of automatic programming. In Proc. Symp. on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers. Washington DC: The Office of Naval Research.
     
    Muller, David E. 1954 May. Interpretive routines in the ILLIAC library. In Proc. Symp. on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers. Washington DC: The Office of Naval Research.
     
    • Operator's Manual 1957 April 8. Prelim- inary Operator's Manual for the FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM. New York: IBM Corp. Programming Research Dept.
     
    Organick, Elliot I. 1963. A FORTRAN Prim- er. Reading Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
     
    • Perlis, A. J.; Smith, J. W.; and Van Zoer- en, H. R. 1957 March. Internal Trans- lator (IT): a compiler for the 650. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Institute of Tech.
     
    • Preliminary Report 1954 November 10. Specifications for the IBM mathematical FORmula TRANslating system, FORTRAN. New York: IBM Corp. (Report by Program- ming Research Group, Applied Science Div- ision, IBM. Distributed to prospective 704 customers and other interested par- ties. 29 pages.)
     
    • Proposed Specifications 1957 September 25. Proposed Specifications for FORTRAN II for the 704. (Unpublished memorandum, Programming Research Dept. IBM.)
     
    *Remington Rand, Inc. 1953 November 15. The A-2 compiler system operations man- ual. Prepared by Richard K. Ridgway and Margaret H. Harper under the direction of Grace M. Hopper.
     
    Rutishauser, Heinz 1952. Automatische Rechenplanfertigung bei progran~ges- teuerten Rechenmaschinen. In Mitteilung- en aus dem Inst. fur angew. Math. an der E. T. H. ZUrich. Nr. 3. Basel: Birk- h~user.
     
    Sammet, Jean E. 1969. Progranuaing Lan- guages: History and Fundamentals. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
     
    Sheridan, Peter B. 1959 February. The arithmetic translator-compiler of the IBM FORTRAN automatic coding system. CACM 2 (2) :9-21.
     
    • Schlesinger, S. I. 1953 July. Dual cod- ing system. Los Alamos NM: Los Alamos Scientific Lab. Los Alamos Report LA 1573.
     
    Zuse, K. 1959. Dber den PlankalkUl. In Elektron. Rechenanl. 1:68-71.
     
    Zuse, K. 1972. Der Plankalkul. In Ber- ichte der Gesellschaft fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung. 63, part 3. Bonn. (Manuscript prepared in 1945.)
     
    URL
    https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/p165-backus.pdf
    if above url doesn't work, i have the pdf and the pdf as images in my public storage
    https://1drv.ms/f/c/ea9004809c2729bb/EooBcDF17hpDo608yokm4bMBRedtOlqRpkbMsm32ztSddw?e=rQZfJh
     
     
    converted from pdf's at the following 
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