RMNewsletter 4th Version February 23rd

[richardmurray]

Thoughts 
I have learned how time consuming the collage is. I am nearly done but I wasn't able to finish it as fast as I wanted. The biggest challenge is the need to go back and assess the characters I created to make sure they are designed correctly. Rereading works if necessary, takes time. The last week of Black History Month in the U.S.A. I think on my forebears enslaved in the United States of America and the future I still want. The flowers of the future will come in ways no one expects regardless of their planning.

Coming Soon
02/24/2025 Mars appear stationary in the sky
02/25/2025 Mercury Saturn conjunction ; Pluto Moon conjunction
02/27/2025 New Moon,Venus stationary
02/28/2025 Mercury moon; Saturn move

MY LINKTREE
https://aalbc.com/tc/clubs/page/2-rmworkposts/

RM WORK CALENDAR 
CENTO Series episode 92
https://aalbc.com/tc/events/5-rmworkcalendar/week/2025-02-22/

RM COMMUNITY CALENDAR 
Economic Corner 15- Financial Federalism
Nina Simone , born 1933
Economic Corner 16- Minority Strength in fiscal capital allowance
Economic Corner 17- solar powered earth
https://aalbc.com/tc/events/7-rmcommunitycalendar/week/2025-02-22/

 

Can you name one famous Black Inventor born in the city you live in?

 

I know of many Black inventors but none of the ones I knew were born in new york city, so I searched and I found

Thomas L. Jennings

url
https://www.thoughtco.com/thomas-jennings-inventor-1991311

Biography of Thomas Jennings, First African American Patent Holder
He invented a dry-cleaning process called 'dry scouring'
Thomas Jennings (1791–Feb. 12, 1856), a free-born African American and New Yorker who became a leader of the abolitionist movement, made his fortune as the inventor of a dry-cleaning process called “dry scouring.” Jennings was 30 years old when he received his patent on March 3, 1821 (U.S. patent 3306x), becoming the first African American inventor to own the rights to his invention.

Fast Facts: Thomas Jennings
Known For: First African American to be granted a patent
Also Known As: Thomas L. Jennings
Born: 1791 in New York City
Died: Feb. 12, 1856 in New York City
Spouse: Elizabeth
Children: Matilda, Elizabeth, James E.
Notable Quote: "Among the leading matters which would occupy the attention of the meeting, were several important documents lately received from Europe, expressive of the sentiments that a very considerable portion of the people of the British Empire entertained respecting the deplorable situation of the colored people in the United States."
Early Life and Career
Jennings was born in 1791 in New York City. He started his career as a tailor and eventually opened one of New York’s leading clothing shops. Inspired by frequent requests for cleaning advice, he began researching cleaning solutions. Jennings found that many of his customers were unhappy when their clothing became soiled. However, because of the material used to make the garments, conventional methods at the time were ineffective in cleaning them.

Invents Dry Cleaning
Jennings began experimenting with different solutions and cleaning agents. He tested them on various fabrics until he found the right combination to treat and clean them. He called his method “dry-scouring,” a process now known as dry cleaning.

Jennings filed for a patent in 1820 and was granted a patent for the "dry-scouring" (dry cleaning) process he had invented just a year later. Tragically, the original patent was lost in a fire. But by then, Jennings' process of using solvents to clean clothes was well-known and widely heralded.

Jennings spent the first money he earned from his patent on legal fees to buy his family out of enslavement. After that, most of his income went to his abolitionist activities. In 1831, Jennings became assistant secretary for the First Annual Convention of the People of Color in Philadelphia.

Legal Issues
Luckily for Jennings, he filed his patent at the right time. Under the United States patent laws of 1793 and 1836, both enslaved and free citizens could patent their inventions. However, in 1857, an enslaver named Oscar Stuart patented a "double cotton scraper" that was invented by one of the enslaved people forced to work for him. Historical records only show the real inventor's name as being Ned. Stuart's reasoning for his action was that "the master is the owner of the fruits of the labor of the slave both manual and intellectual."

In 1858, the U.S. patent office changed its patent regulations in response to a Supreme Court case related to Stuart's patent called Oscar Stuart v. Ned. The court ruled in favor of Stuart, noting that enslaved people were not citizens and could not be granted patents. But surprisingly, in 1861, the Confederate States of America passed a law granting patent rights to enslaved people In 1870, the U.S. government passed a patent law giving all American men including Black Americans the rights to their inventions.

Later Years and Death
Jennings' daughter, Elizabeth, an activist like her father, was the plaintiff in a landmark lawsuit after being thrown off a New York City streetcar while on the way to church. With support from her father, Elizabeth sued the Third Avenue Railroad Company for discrimination and won her case in 1855. The day after the verdict, the company ordered its cars desegregated. After the incident, Jennings organized a movement against racial segregation in public transit in the city; the services were provided by private companies.

The same year, Jennings was one of the founders of the Legal Rights Association, a group that organized challenges to discrimination and segregation and gained legal representation to take cases to court. Jennings died just a few years later in 1859, which was itself just a few years before the practice he so reviled—enslavement—was abolished.

Legacy
A decade after Elizabeth Jennings won her case, all New York City streetcar companies stopped practicing segregation. Jennings and his daughter had a hand in the effort to desegregate public facilities, a movement that lasted well into the Civil Rights Era a century later. Indeed, civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C., echoed many of the convictions that Jennings and his daughter had expressed and fought for 100 years before.

And the "dry-scouring" process Jennings invented is essentially the same method used by dry cleaning businesses worldwide to this day.

Sources

Chamberlain, Gaius. “Thomas Jennings.” The Black Inventor Online Museum, Gaius Chamberlain.
“Thomas Jennings.” Ms. Darbus: Well Call It, Senior Year! Sharpay Evans: [Sarcastically] Genius., quotes.net.
Volk, Kyle G. "Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy." Oxford University Press, New York.

wiki
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_L._Jennings