AALBC Search
Notes from a Hip Hop Head
Notes from a Hip Hop Head Kam Williams Interview April 19, 2007 An Open Letter to Oprah Winfrey: Notes from a Hip Hop Head by Saul Williams Dear Ms. Winfrey, It is with the g...
Behold the 9th Wonder of the World!
Behold the 9th Wonder of the World! Kam Williams Interview Behold the 9th Wonder of the World! Born Patrick Denard Douthit in Winston-Salem, NC on January 15, 1975, 9th Wonder is a G...
Russell Simmons - The "Super Rich" Interview
Russell Simmons - The "Super Rich" Interview Kam Williams Interview Hip-Hop Mogul Expounds on the Transition from Materialism to Meditation Editor's Note: Russell Simmons was nominated for ...
Master P - The "Uncle P" Interview
Master P - The "Uncle P" Interview Kam Williams Interview Hip-Hop Entrepreneur Reflects on God, Family, Money and Maturity Born on April 29, 1967, Percy Robert Miller, aka Master P, w...
Russell Simmons - Shares His Vision for Occupy Wall Street
Russell Simmons - Shares His Vision for Occupy Wall Street Kam Williams Interview Hip-Hop Pioneer Shares His Vision for the Occupy Wall Street Movement Russell Wendell Simmons was born in Qu...
RZA “The Next Three Days” Interview
RZA “The Next Three Days” Interview Kam Williams Interview Renaissance RZA While best known as the founder, producer, and mastermind behind the Wu-Tang Clan, RZA has built an incredibly di...
Ja Rule Interview with AALBC.com
Ja Rule Interview with AALBC.com Kam Williams Interview Ja Rule The “I’m in Love with a Church Girl” Interview Born in Hollis, Queens on February 29, 1976, Jeffrey “Ja Rule” Atkins began rapping ...
Trey Songz - The “Texas Chainsaw 3D” Interview
Trey Songz - The “Texas Chainsaw 3D” Interview Kam Williams Interview Trey Songz - The “Texas Chainsaw 3D” Interview Born in Petersburg, Virginia on November 28, 1984, Tremaine Aldon Neverson, A...
President Jimmy Carter The “NIV Lessons from Life Bible” Interview
President Jimmy Carter The “NIV Lessons from Life Bible” Interview Kam Williams Interview President, Peanut Farmer and Sunday School Teacher President Jimmy Carter The “NIV Lessons from Life ...
AALBC.com Interview with Jeff Chang
AALBC.com Interview with Jeff Chang Kam Williams Interview Kam Williams: Hi Jeff. Thanks for the time and congratulations on the NAACP Image Award nomination for Who We Be. You used to ...
Queen Latifah: The Last Holiday Interview
Queen Latifah: The Last Holiday Interview Kam Williams Interview Born Dana Elaine Owens, but better known as Queen Latifah, the First Lady of Hip-Hop was also the first rapper to land an Os...
Tavis Smiley - The "FAIL UP" Interview
Tavis Smiley - The "FAIL UP" Interview Kam Williams Interview Tavis Reflects on Life Lessons From his celebrated conversations with world figures to his work to inspire the next generation ...
Tre Armstrong - "The How She Move" Interview
Tre Armstrong - "The How She Move" Interview Kam Williams Interview Accomplished Dancer-Turned-Actress Takes Center Stage Tracey Tr’ Armstrong has been dancing as long as she can remember. Dur...
Keith Robinson The “Get on Up” Interview (July 2014)
Keith Robinson The “Get on Up” Interview (July 2014) Kam Williams Interview Keith Robinson The “Get on Up” Interview (July 2014) In a world where talent takes you far, Keith Robinson is ahe...
Samuel L. Jackson - Profile
Samuel L. Jackson - Profile Kam Williams Interview The Freedomland Interview The Snakes on a Plane Interview The Black Snake Moan Interview Born in ...
50 Cent’s 2 Cents on Shooting Scenes, Samuel L., and His Son
50 Cent’s 2 Cents on Shooting Scenes, Samuel L., and His Son Kam Williams Interview Born Curtis James Jackson, III in South Jamaica, Queens on July 6, 1975, 50 Cent has eclipsed his mentor Emine...
Jim Sheridan - Interview
Jim Sheridan - Interview Kam Williams Interview Dialogue with Irish Director on His First Black Flick Jim Sheridan: The Get Rich or Die Tryin’ Interview with Kam Williams Given the gangsta’ r...
Lauren London - The "This Christmas" Interview
Lauren London - The "This Christmas" Interview Kam Williams Interview Photo: This Christmas (2007) - Lauren London Born in Los Angeles on December 5, 1984, Lauren London developed a taste...
Lynne d. Johnson
Lynne d. Johnson Kam Williams Interview ynne d. Johnson writes about music, cyberculture, literature, and the performing and visual arts. You can find her articles, essays, and poetry in variou...
Chris Gardner - Interview, books, & DVD
Chris Gardner - Interview, books, & DVD Kam Williams Interview Subject of The Pursuit of Happyness Expounds on His Bio-Pic The Pursuit of Happyness (2006) Will Smith, Chris Gardner ...
Linda Watkins
Linda Watkins Kam Williams Interview Linda Watkins, a Cincinnati native transplanted to Indianapolis, is a poet and writer. Poems from her chapbook, "Let me Shake your Leav...
Tiffany Davis
Tiffany Davis Kam Williams Interview Tiffany M. Davis is a self-proclaimed wordsmith. Her first novel, Sandtrap, is due to be released in 2002. Tiffany has done book reviews for Aalize.com...
Common - Smokin' Aces Interview
Common - Smokin' Aces Interview Kam Williams Interview Common Making Sense Born in Chicago on March 13, 1972, Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. is said to be one of seven children fathered by ...
Common - The "Happy Feet Two" Interview [November 2011]
Common - The "Happy Feet Two" Interview [November 2011] Kam Williams Interview The Dreamer, The Believer Born Lonnie Rashid Lynn in Chicago on March 13, 1972, Common rose to prominence as one ...
Djimon Hounsou - The "Push" Interview - plus, Djimon a Daddy?
Djimon Hounsou - The "Push" Interview - plus, Djimon a Daddy? Kam Williams Interview Djimon a Daddy? During an interview with me last year, Djimon Hounsou prematurely broke th...
Ice Cube
Ice Cube Kam Williams Interview Ice Cube O’Shea Jackson, aka Ice Cube, was born in L.A. on June 15, 1969. The West Coast gangsta’ rapper found fame as a member of the group N.W.A. who...
K'Naan - The "Wavin' Flag"Interview
K'Naan - The "Wavin' Flag"Interview Kam Williams Interview Kickin' Back with K'Naan Somalia. The name alone conjures up images of unbridled destruction, merciless warlords and ruthless terror. A...
Russell Simmons Hosts Soiree for Soledad O'Brien
Russell Simmons Hosts Soiree for Soledad O'Brien Kam Williams Interview . Russell Simmons, Soledad O'Brien & Katie Couric (Photo Credit: Steve Fenn/CNN) Russell Simmons Hosts Soiree for S...
Snoop Dogg The “Turbo” Interview (July 2013)
Snoop Dogg The “Turbo” Interview (July 2013) Kam Williams Interview Snoop Dogg The “Turbo” Interview Calvin Cordozar Broadus was born on October 20, 1971 in Long Beach, California where he ...
Tasha Smith (2015) on her role in Addicted
Tasha Smith (2015) on her role in Addicted Kam Williams Interview Tasha Smith • January 2015 Interview • Her Role on the Film Addicted, TV Projects and More Tasha Smith is a multifaceted act...
Tip "T.I." Harris - The "ATL" Interview (2006)
Tip "T.I." Harris - The "ATL" Interview (2006) Kam Williams Interview TIp 'T.I.' Harris Clifford Joseph Harris, Jr. was born in Atlanta on September 25, 1980. The precocious poet began rhym...
Tip "T.I." Harris - The “Takers” Interview (2010)
Tip "T.I." Harris - The “Takers” Interview (2010) Kam Williams Interview On the Q.T. with T.I. Tip "T.I." Harris is one of his generation's most captivating speakers and one of the biggest ...
Will.i.Am - The "X-Men Origins: Wolverine" Interview
Will.i.Am - The "X-Men Origins: Wolverine" Interview Kam Williams Interview Will Expounds on Everything from X:Men to ’Yes We Can’ William James Adams, aka Will.i.Am, was...
Will Smith - "The Pursuit of Happyness" Interview
Will Smith - "The Pursuit of Happyness" Interview Kam Williams Interview Fresh Prince Opines on His #1 Film Will Smith The Pursuit of Happyness Interview with Kam Williams Wil...
Janet Jackson [2010] - The “For Colored Girls” Interview
Janet Jackson [2010] - The “For Colored Girls” Interview Kam Williams Interview Global icon, trendsetter, businesswoman, and multi-talented entertainer, Janet Damita Jo Jackson is a woman wh...
Alicia Keys “The Secret Life of Bees” Interview
Alicia Keys “The Secret Life of Bees” Interview Kam Williams Interview Alicia Keys burst on the scene in April of 2001 with the release of the single Fallin’ from Songs i...
Al B. Sure - “The Ultimate Merger” Interview
Al B. Sure - “The Ultimate Merger” Interview Kam Williams Interview Al. B. Sure Enough Loves Himself Some Omarosa Albert Joseph Brown, III was born in Boston, Massachusetts on June 4, 1968 b...
Ice Cube The “22 Jump Street” Interview (June 2014)
Ice Cube The “22 Jump Street” Interview (June 2014) Kam Williams Interview Ice Cube The “22 Jump Street” Interview As much as technology, business and society have changed since the Eighties, ...
The “My Mic Sounds Nice”
The “My Mic Sounds Nice” Kam Williams Interview Ava DuVernay has worked in the world of film as a marketer and publicist for more than 14 years, forming DVA Media + Marketing in 1999. Her awar...
Brian Sparks - The "Black White" Interview
Brian Sparks - The "Black White" Interview Kam Williams Interview Black Man Reflects on Being White for Five Weeks Brian Sparks: Before Photo Credit: Robert Zuckerman B...
Halle Berry
Halle Berry Kam Williams Interview Halle Berry Born August 14, 1968, in Cleveland, Ohio the youngest daughter born to Jerome and Judith Berry, an interracial couple. Halle, and her older s...
Jacqueline Jones LaMon
Jacqueline Jones LaMon Kam Williams Interview Jaci LaMon JaciWrites@aol.com Jacqueline Jones LaMon is a poet and writer. Her work has appeared in various publications inclu...
Sheree R. Thomas
Sheree R. Thomas Kam Williams Interview Sheree R. Thomas anansi@africana.com A Manhattan-based writer and freelance editor, Sheree R. Thomas contributes to several publicati...
Sugar Ray Leonard - “The Big Fight” Interview
Sugar Ray Leonard - “The Big Fight” Interview Kam Williams Interview Sugar Ray Leonard - “The Big Fight” Interview One of the most prodigious pugilists of all time, Sugar Ray Leonard was born ...
“In My Own Words”© (IMOW) Flavor Flav, The Real Man Behind The Clock And Sunglasses
“In My Own Words”© (IMOW) Flavor Flav, The Real Man Behind The Clock And Sunglasses Kam Williams Interview "In My Own Words"© (IMOW) Flavor Flav, The Real Man Behind The Clock And Sunglasses ...
The Confessions of a Video Vixen Interview
The Confessions of a Video Vixen Interview Kam Williams Interview Karrine Steffans The Confessions of a Video Vixen Interview by Kam Williams When I first interviewed her a coupl...
Ava DuVernay The “Selma” Interview
Ava DuVernay The “Selma” Interview Kam Williams Interview Ava DuVernay is a writer, producer, director and distributor of independent film. Winner of the Best Director Award at the 2012 Sundanc...
Touré: Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means to Be Black Now
Touré: Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means to Be Black Now Kam Williams Interview Touré - The “Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness?” Interview Born in Boston on ...
Karrine Steffans from “Superhead” to Supermom
Karrine Steffans from “Superhead” to Supermom Kam Williams Interview Born on St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands on August 24, 1978, Karrine Steffans was a naive ing’nues who, as a tende...
Interview with Bakari Kitwana
Interview with Bakari Kitwana Kam Williams Interview Bakari Kitwana Bakari Kitwana has been the Executive Editor of The Source, the Editorial Director at 3rd World Press, and a music rev...
The Jena Blowback: Symbolic Use of the Noose as the New N-Word
The Jena Blowback: Symbolic Use of the Noose as the New N-Word Kam Williams Interview The Jena Blowback: Symbolic Use of the Noose as the New N-Word by Kam Williams Ominously, there's ...
Ken Burns Interviewed (April 2013).
Ken Burns Interviewed (April 2013). Kam Williams Interview Legendary Filmmaker Discusses His Latest Documentary Photo Credit dbking Ken Burns has been making films for more than thirty years...
Laila Ali - Interview
Laila Ali - Interview Kam Williams Interview Float Like a Butterfly, Sting Like a Bee, Rumba Young Woman Rumba! Laila Ali was born in Miami Beach on December 30th, 1977 to Muhamma...
R. Kelly Video Impersonating Michael Jackson
R. Kelly Video Impersonating Michael Jackson Kam Williams Interview Soulacoaster: The Diary of Me Click to Buy via Amazon.com by R. Kelly,David Ritz Hardcover: 392 pages Pu...
Denzel Washington (2014) Interview - The Equalizer
Denzel Washington (2014) Interview - The Equalizer Kam Williams Interview Denzel Washington - The Equalizer Interview Coming Soon The Equalizer In Theaters: Sep 26, 2014 Wide Rated R, Myste...
Q&A with Gloria Rolando on her film Reshipment Recalls Little-Known Chapter of Haitian-Cuban History
Q&A with Gloria Rolando on her film Reshipment Recalls Little-Known Chapter of Haitian-Cuban History Kam Williams Interview Gloria Rolando’s Documentary Film, Reshipment, Recalls a Little-Known Chapt...
Kickin' It Old School (2007) - Film Review
Kickin' It Old School (2007) - Film Review Kam Williams Interview Patient Emerges from 20-Year Coma to Breakdance Again in Bad Taste Comedy Kickin’ It Old School Rated PG-13 for profanity, e...
Roland Martin “The First” Interview
Roland Martin “The First” Interview Kam Williams Interview Roland Reflects on Obama's Historic Run for the White House Between Barack Obama's declaring his candidacy for the Presidency and...
Sanaa Lathan - The "Family That Preys" Interview
Sanaa Lathan - The "Family That Preys" Interview Kam Williams Interview Born in New York City on September 19, 1971, Sanaa McCoy Lathan is a Tony-nominated actress (for A Raisin in...
Walter Benefield
Walter Benefield Kam Williams Interview An avid reader, husband, father, U.S. Marine and writer, Walter says, "reading African American Literature is contagious." Reading great stories a...
Children’s Book Author Tonya Bolden
Children’s Book Author Tonya Bolden Troy Johnson Interview AALBC Founder Troy Johnson with Tonya Bolden at the 2020 African American Children’s Book Fair Tonya Bolden has written numerous be...
Beyoncé: The Pink Panther Interview
Beyoncé: The Pink Panther Interview Kam Williams Interview Publicity Still from The Pink Panther Beyonce Knowles (as Xania) & Steve Martin as (Inspector Jacques Clouseau) Beyonce’ Gise...
Ann Coulter The “Mugged” Interview with AALBC.com
Ann Coulter The “Mugged” Interview with AALBC.com Kam Williams Interview Ann Coulter The “Mugged” Interview Born in New York City on December 9, 1961, arch-conservative Ann Coulter is the auth...
Author Brenda Thomas Attracts Vast Media Attention
Author Brenda Thomas Attracts Vast Media Attention Kam Williams Interview [ AALBC.com Home ] [ Buy Any Book] Author Brenda Thomas Attracts Vast Media Attention by Audra Shiver...
Djimon Hounsou - The "Never Back Down" Interview
Djimon Hounsou - The "Never Back Down" Interview Kam Williams Interview Djimon Announces Plans to Pop the Question Born in Cotonou, Benin on April 24, 1964, Djimon Gaston Hounsou emigrat...
Don Cheadle - Brooklyn's Finest Interview
Don Cheadle - Brooklyn's Finest Interview Kam Williams Interview Donald Cheadle might be the best actor around yet to win an Oscar. His only Academy Award nomination came in 2005 for his po...
Eva Longoria - "The Sentinel " Interview
Eva Longoria - "The Sentinel " Interview Kam Williams Interview Desperate Housewife Star on Maxim, Movies, Mexicans and More Eva Longoria The Sentinel Interview with Kam Williams Born o...
Forest Whitaker The “Repentance” Interview (2014)
Forest Whitaker The “Repentance” Interview (2014) Kam Williams Interview Forest Whitaker The “Repentance” Interview Forest Whitaker is a distinguished artist and humanist. He is the founder of ...
Forest Whitaker - "The Last King of Scotland" Interview
Forest Whitaker - "The Last King of Scotland" Interview Kam Williams Interview Forest Finally Finds Long-Overdue Oscar Buzz Forest Whitaker The Last King of Scotland Interview with K...
Gladys Knight - The "I Can Do Bad All by Myself" Interview
Gladys Knight - The "I Can Do Bad All by Myself" Interview Kam Williams Interview The great ones endure, and Gladys Knight is a testament to that sage maxim. Over the last ha...
Janet Jackson - The “Why Did I Get Married Too” Interview
Janet Jackson - The “Why Did I Get Married Too” Interview Kam Williams Interview Born in Gary, Indiana on May 16, 1966, Janet Damita Jo Jackson entered show business at the tender age of 7 whe...
Kam Williams - AALBC.com Reviewer and Interviewer
Kam Williams - AALBC.com Reviewer and Interviewer Kam Williams Interview Voted Best Male Entertainment Journalist of the Decade by the Disilgold Soul Literary Review in 2006, Kam Williams...
Keith David - The "Delta Farce" Interview
Keith David - The "Delta Farce" Interview Kam Williams Interview Keith David Williams was born in Harlem on June 4, 1956. His thirst for the stage was whetted at an early age when he played t...
Keke Palmer: The “Crazy Sexy Cool: The TLC Story” Interview
Keke Palmer: The “Crazy Sexy Cool: The TLC Story” Interview Kam Williams Interview Keke Palmer: The “Crazy Sexy Cool: The TLC Story” Interview Born in Harvey, Illinois on August 26, 1993, Lauren...
Kysha N. Brown
Kysha N. Brown Kam Williams Interview KYSHA N. BROWN (Photo Credit: J.R. Thomason) KYSHA N. BROWN is a publisher, poet and performer. She is co-founder and president of Ru...
Middle of Nowhere - Film Review
Middle of Nowhere - Film Review Kam Williams Interview Middle of Nowhere, Ava DuVernay’s Second Feature Film Middle of Nowhere (2012) In Theaters: Oct 12, 2012 Limited Rated R for pr...
Mike Tyson - Interview with AALBC.com APril 2013
Mike Tyson - Interview with AALBC.com APril 2013 Kam Williams Interview The Undisputed Champ’s Undisputed Truth Born in Brooklyn on June 30, 1966, Michael Gerard Tyson is an all-time boxing ...
Mike Epps - The "Next Day Air" Interview
Mike Epps - The "Next Day Air" Interview Kam Williams Interview Indiana native Mike Epps is one of the funniest entertainers around. Dividing his time between stand-up and...
Morris Chestnut - November 2013 Interview with AALBC.com
Morris Chestnut - November 2013 Interview with AALBC.com Kam Williams Interview Morris Chestnut was born on New Year’s Day 1969 in Cerritos, California where he was a student-athlete in high sc...
Shirley Sherrod: The “Martin Luther King Awards Dinner” Interview with Kam Williams
Shirley Sherrod: The “Martin Luther King Awards Dinner” Interview with Kam Williams Kam Williams Interview Shirley Sherrod is best known as the African-American government official fired in ...
Tanzania: A Journey Within (2014) - Film Review
Tanzania: A Journey Within (2014) - Film Review Kam Williams Interview Tanzania: A Journey Within In Theaters: Apr 25, 2014 Limited Unrated Running time: 103 minutes Distributor: Heretic F...
Thandie Newton - The Run, Fatboy, Run Interview
Thandie Newton - The Run, Fatboy, Run Interview Kam Williams Interview Sweet as Thandie Born in London on November 6, 1972, Thandiwe Newton spent some of her formative years in Zambia wi...
The Deja Vu Interview
The Deja Vu Interview Kam Williams Interview Denzel Washington The Deja Vu Interview with Kam Williams Here, two-time Oscar-winner Denzel Washington, an icon who needs no introduction...
You Know Better
You Know Better Kam Williams Interview [ Reviews Home ] [ AALBC Home ] [ Buy Any Book] Ansa's New Novel Strays from the Mark You Know Better Tina McElroy Ansa Click to order via Amazon ...
Tom Cruise - The "Mission: Impossible III" Interview
Tom Cruise - The "Mission: Impossible III" Interview Kam Williams Interview Ten Quick Questions for Tom Tom Cruise (TC): The Mission: Impossible III Interview with Kam Williams (KW) ...
Two Perspectives on Barack Obama - March 2011
Two Perspectives on Barack Obama - March 2011 Kam Williams Interview Two very different perspectives on President Barack Obama. Oedipus and Ordinariness: A Meditation on Barack Obama ...
Dr. Henry Louis Gates - The "Black in Latin America" Interview
Dr. Henry Louis Gates - The "Black in Latin America" Interview Kam Williams Interview Dr. Gates on His New PBS Series Professor Henry Louis Gates dominated the national news for ...
Samuel L. Jackson - The "Black Snake Moan" Interview
Samuel L. Jackson - The "Black Snake Moan" Interview Kam Williams Interview Sam Rises to the Occasion as Lazarus Samuel L. Jackson The Black Snake Moan Interview with Kam Williams ...
Freedomland Interview
Freedomland Interview Kam Williams Interview Green Eggs and Sam Samuel L. Jackson Publicity Still from the film Freedomland (2006) One of the hardest working actors in Hollywood, Samuel...
Halle Berry - Perfect Stranger Interview
Halle Berry - Perfect Stranger Interview Kam Williams Interview Halle Berry Halle Berry is no stranger to the psychological thriller, having once played a shrink-turned-amnesiac mental pati...
Rosie Perez - The “Handbook for an Unpredictable Life” Interview
Rosie Perez - The “Handbook for an Unpredictable Life” Interview Kam Williams Interview photo credit: Joella Marano Rosie Maria Perez was born on September 6, 1964 in Bushwick, Brooklyn where ...
Q & A with Robin W. Pearson
Q & A with Robin W. Pearson Robin W. Pearson Interview Robin W. Pearson’s writing sprouts from her Southern roots, where she learned to sing “Jesus Loves Me,” how to make corn bread...
Rejoice and Shout (2011) - Production Notes
Rejoice and Shout (2011) - Production Notes Kam Williams Interview About Rejoice and ShoutThe Information below provided coutesy of Magnolia Pictures [2011] The Music, The Footage and The Message...
President Jimmy Carter interview, March 2012
President Jimmy Carter interview, March 2012 Kam Williams Interview President Jimmy Carter Interview March 2012 (coming soon) Related Links ...
Marcus Mosiah Garvey
Marcus Mosiah Garvey Kam Williams Interview THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY HISTORY NOTES "UP! YOU MIGHTY RACE: A TRIBUTE TO MARCUS MOSIAH GARVEY (1887-1940)" BY RUNOKO RASHDI DEDICATED TO D...
Bridget Davis - The “Pocono Film Festival” Interview
Bridget Davis - The “Pocono Film Festival” Interview Kam Williams Interview Bridget Davis - “Pocono Mountain Film Festival” Interview Bridget O. Davis grew up in Harlem, in the Drew Hamilton ...
Eric Benet - The “Trinity Goodheart” Interview 2011
Eric Benet - The “Trinity Goodheart” Interview 2011 Kam Williams Interview Eric Benét - The "Trinity Goodheart" Interview Born in Milwaukee on October 15, 1970, two-time Grammy-nominee Eri...
Marvin X Unplugged An Interview by Lee Hubbard
Marvin X Unplugged An Interview by Lee Hubbard Kam Williams Interview Marvin X Unplugged An Interview by Lee Hubbard While drugs and their impact have been talked about, no one has rea...
Nicole Beharie - The "American Violet" Interview
Nicole Beharie - The "American Violet" Interview Kam Williams Interview A recent grad of the acting program at the prestigious Juilliard School, Nicole Beharie made her screen d...
Omarosa - The "Life After" Interview
Omarosa - The "Life After" Interview Kam Williams Interview A Tete-a-Tete with the Top Reality-TV Villain of All Time Omaroseonee Manigault-Stallworth was on February 15, 1...