AALBC Search
Children’s Book Author Tonya Bolden
Children’s Book Author Tonya Bolden Troy Johnson Interview AALBC Founder Troy Johnson with Tonya Bolden at the 2020 African American Children’s Book Fair Tonya Bolden has written numerous be...
Gil L. Robertson IV: Award-Winning Author Assesses the State of Black Relationships
Gil L. Robertson IV: Award-Winning Author Assesses the State of Black Relationships Kam Williams Interview Award-Winning Author Assesses the State of Black Relationships Gil L. Robertson IV i...
Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - The “The African Americans” Interview
Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - The “The African Americans” Interview Kam Williams Interview Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - The “The African Americans” Interview Born in Keyser, West Virginia on Septe...
Critically Acclaimed Children’s Book Author
Critically Acclaimed Children’s Book Author Troy Johnson Interview Many children’s authors and illustrators come from the world of education but you also worked in the field of journalism f...
Nell Irvin Painter: The Creating African-American
Nell Irvin Painter: The Creating African-American Kam Williams Interview photo credit: Bill Gaskins Until her recent retirement from teaching, Nell Irvin Painter was the Edwar...
Prophet Shelby Explains Why Black Messiah Obama Won’t Win
Prophet Shelby Explains Why Black Messiah Obama Won’t Win Kam Williams Interview Photo Credit: Hoover Institution Shelby Steele is a controversial public intellectual w...
Kimberly Elise - The "Great Debaters"Interview
Kimberly Elise - The "Great Debaters"Interview Kam Williams Interview Minneapolis' Kimberly Elise might be the best African-American actress around yet to generate any Oscar buzz. This, d...
A Novelist’s Staying Power: Interview with Gloria Mallette
A Novelist’s Staying Power: Interview with Gloria Mallette DuEwa M. Frazier Interview I first met Gloria Mallette in 2000 at an author event at Zawadi Gifts in Brooklyn. Gloria ...
Kim Taylor
Kim Taylor Mel Hopkins Interview African American History Matters A master quilter looks back to the past and weaves ancestral history into textile art designs. The ancient West African t...
Kick-Ass 2 (2013) - Film Review
Kick-Ass 2 (2013) - Film Review Kam Williams Interview Shocking Splatterflick Ups the Ante on Original’s Gratuitous Gore Kick-Ass 2 In Theaters: Aug 16, 2013 Wide Rated R for sexuality, grap...
Rick Fox - The "Meet the Browns" Interview
Rick Fox - The "Meet the Browns" Interview Kam Williams Interview Rick Fox: Fair and Balanced Ulrich Alexander Fox was born in Toronto on July 24, 1969 but raised in the Bahamas by his I...
On The Margin Radio Show
On The Margin Radio Show E. Ethelbert Miller Interview Listen to an Interview of AALBC.com’s Founder and Webmaster, Troy D. Johnson.He was interviewed on January 2, 2020 by E. Ethelbert Mille...
Cloves Campbell, Jr. The “NNPA Chairman” Interview
Cloves Campbell, Jr. The “NNPA Chairman” Interview Kam Williams Interview Cloves C. Campbell, Jr., is the Publisher of the Arizona Informant, a family owned and operated newspaper that ...
Columbus Came Late
Columbus Came Late Kam Williams Interview THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY HISTORY NOTES: "COLUMBUS CAME LATE--THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY AMERICA" BY RUNOKO RASHDI The fist civilization of a...
Tango Negro, The African Roots of Tango (2013) - film Review
Tango Negro, The African Roots of Tango (2013) - film Review Kam Williams Interview Musical Documentary Examines the African Roots of the Tango. Tango Negro, The African Roots of Tango (2013) U...
Anna Cooper & Nannie Burroughs
Anna Cooper & Nannie Burroughs Kam Williams Interview THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY HISTORY NOTES: A BRIEF NOTE ON THE LIVES OF ANNA JULIA COOPER & NANNIE HELEN BURROUGHS: PROFILES OF AFRI...
Marcus Mosiah Garvey
Marcus Mosiah Garvey Kam Williams Interview THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY HISTORY NOTES "UP! YOU MIGHTY RACE: A TRIBUTE TO MARCUS MOSIAH GARVEY (1887-1940)" BY RUNOKO RASHDI DEDICATED TO D...
Alice Walker The “PBS American Masters” Interview
Alice Walker The “PBS American Masters” Interview Kam Williams Interview Alice Walker has been defined as one of the key international writers of the 20th Century. She made history as the fi...
Sandra L. Richards: Richards Rocks!
Sandra L. Richards: Richards Rocks! Kam Williams Interview The American-born daughter of Jamaican immigrant parents, Sandra L. Richards is the author of “Rice & Rocks.” She hopes that h...
Troy Johnson
Troy Johnson Kam Williams Interview "Hello, Troy. I visited your site - very interesting. It is a good deal more than a Book Club for bucks - more like a neighborhood bookstore - a labor of lo...
Nicole Beharie - The "American Violet" Interview
Nicole Beharie - The "American Violet" Interview Kam Williams Interview A recent grad of the acting program at the prestigious Juilliard School, Nicole Beharie made her screen d...
Carter G. Woodson
Carter G. Woodson Kam Williams Interview THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY HISTORY NOTES: DR. CARTER GODWIN WOODSON AND THE OBSERVANCE OF AFRICAN HISTORY BY RUNOKO RASHIDI DEDICATED TO DR. JACOB HU...
The “I Am Not Your Negro” Interview
The “I Am Not Your Negro” Interview Kam Williams Interview Filmmaker Raoul Peck Kam Williams: Hi Raoul, thanks for the interview, and congratulations on the Oscar nomination. Raoul Peck: Than...
Valjeanne Jeffers Interview
Valjeanne Jeffers Interview Derrick Ferguson Interview Valjeanne Jeffers is a graduate of Spelman College and North Carolina Central University, and a member of the Carolina African American ...
Dr. Henry Louis Gates - The "Black in Latin America" Interview
Dr. Henry Louis Gates - The "Black in Latin America" Interview Kam Williams Interview Dr. Gates on His New PBS Series Professor Henry Louis Gates dominated the national news for ...
Flo Anthony <em>Deadly Stuff Players</em> Interview
Flo Anthony Deadly Stuff Players Interview Kam Williams Interview Florence “Flo” Anthony is a syndicated celebrity radio host, columnist. The first African-American woman to work in ...
Julianne Malveaux: The “Surviving and Thriving” Interview
Julianne Malveaux: The “Surviving and Thriving” Interview Kam Williams Interview Dr. Julianne Malveaux is the 15th President of Bennett College for Women. Recognized for her progressive and...
The Vanishing Black Male Interview
The Vanishing Black Male Interview Kam Williams Interview KW: Do you really think black men are vanishing and becoming extinct? Hisani DuBose (HD): With over one million African Amer...
Bob Johnson: The “Urban Movie Channel” Interview
Bob Johnson: The “Urban Movie Channel” Interview Kam Williams Interview Robert L. “Bob” Johnson is the Founder and Chairman of The RLJ Companies, an innovative business network tha...
Book Lover’s Haven Feature Interview with Troy D. Johnson
Book Lover’s Haven Feature Interview with Troy D. Johnson Denise Turney Interview AALBC.com Home Page | More About AALBC.com This interview originally appeared in Issue 6.00 of The Book Lover&...
Carl Weber Gives “Best Selling” Author a New Meaning
Carl Weber Gives “Best Selling” Author a New Meaning Leah Mullen Interview A year ago this summer Hollywood witnessed the emergence of the "Original Kings of Comedy. "In the publishing wor...
Troy Johnson on #WritersonWriting with Dr. Brenda M. Greene (#Center4BlackLit)
Troy Johnson on #WritersonWriting with Dr. Brenda M. Greene (#Center4BlackLit) Brenda M. Greene Interview Dr. Brenda Greene interviews Troy Johnson, the founder of the African American Literature Boo...
Amma Asante - The "Belle" Interview (May 2014)
Amma Asante - The "Belle" Interview (May 2014) Kam Williams Interview Writer/director Amma Asante made an unusual entry into filmmaking. As a child, she attended the Barbara Speake stage school ...
D.L. Hughley on Everything from Nappy-Headed Hos to His HBO Special
D.L. Hughley on Everything from Nappy-Headed Hos to His HBO Special Kam Williams Interview A Dialogue with D.L. on Everything from Nappy-Headed Hos to His HBO Special Born on March 6, 1963, Da...
Joumana Kidd - The “Let’s Talk about Pep” Interview
Joumana Kidd - The “Let’s Talk about Pep” Interview Kam Williams Interview Jason's Ex Expounds on Life and Love Post-Divorce Born in Beirut, Lebanon on September 28, 1972, Joumana Kid...
Kola Boof: Words with the Author of the Best Black Book of 2006
Kola Boof: Words with the Author of the Best Black Book of 2006 Kam Williams Interview Egyptian/Sudanese-American writer Kola Boof is the author of seven books published in eight countrie...
Do Yourself a Favor Authors; Market Your Book
Do Yourself a Favor Authors; Market Your Book Kam Williams Interview Do Yourself a Favor Authors; Market Your Book by A. Yamina Collins If you’re a writer on the cusp of publishing a book, today mi...
Assessing the State of the Black Digital Press
Assessing the State of the Black Digital Press Kam Williams Interview Troy Johnson is the President of AALBC.com, LLC, whose main property is the website AALBC.com, for which Troy is the foun...
Denzel Washington and Russell Crowe - The American Gangster Interview
Denzel Washington and Russell Crowe - The American Gangster Interview Kam Williams Interview Oscar-Winners Opine on Their Second Collaboration American Gangster Photos: Denzel Wash...
Antara the Lion
Antara the Lion Kam Williams Interview THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY HISTORY NOTES "ANTARA THE LION: FATHER OF HEROES" BY RUNOKO RASHDI DEDICATED TO DR. KHALID ABDULLAH TARIQ AL-MANSOUR Archaeo...
Kam Williams - AALBC.com Reviewer and Interviewer
Kam Williams - AALBC.com Reviewer and Interviewer Kam Williams Interview Voted Best Male Entertainment Journalist of the Decade by the Disilgold Soul Literary Review in 2006, Kam Williams...
Beverly Johnson - Interview
Beverly Johnson - Interview Kam Williams Interview Beverly Johnson is the first African-American supermodel. She is also an actress, author, activist, businesswoman and TV personality. Sh...
Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - The Lincoln on Race and Slavery Interview
Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - The Lincoln on Race and Slavery Interview Kam Williams Interview Dr. Gates Gets Honest about Abe Henry Louis ’Skip’ Gates, Jr. was born in Pi...
Bob Johnson - The Who’s Your Caddy Interview
Bob Johnson - The Who’s Your Caddy Interview Kam Williams Interview First Black Billionaire Gives His Two Cents on Everything from Making Movies to Making Money Robert L. Johnson was b...
Gabby Douglas The “Raising the Bar” Interview
Gabby Douglas The “Raising the Bar” Interview Kam Williams Interview Gymnast Gabrielle Christina Victoria Douglas was born in Virginia Beach on December 31st, 1995. At the 2012 London Summer O...
Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson on Writing, Mars, Curiosity, and the Higgs Boson
Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson on Writing, Mars, Curiosity, and the Higgs Boson Sandra Kitt Interview Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson is the Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium, at the Americ...
Interview with Angela Bassett
Interview with Angela Bassett Kam Williams Interview Born in New York City, but raised by her single-mom, Betty, along with her sister, D’nette, in St. Petersburg, Florida, Angela ...
Chiwetel Ejiofor - The “Endgame” Interview
Chiwetel Ejiofor - The “Endgame” Interview Kam Williams Interview Chewing the Fat with Golden Globe-Nominee Chiwetel Ejiofor Chiwetel Ejiofor was born in London on July 10, 1977 to Nig...
Rick Santorum The “EchoLight Studios” Interview
Rick Santorum The “EchoLight Studios” Interview Kam Williams Interview Ex-Senator, Rick Santorum, on Role as CEO of Faith-Based Film Studio, EchoLight Studios Born in Winchester, Virginia on May...
Benilde Little on her Novels and 1st Nonfiction Book, Welcome to My Breakdown
Benilde Little on her Novels and 1st Nonfiction Book, Welcome to My Breakdown Benilde Little Interview You are known for your novels, Good Hair, The Itch, Who Does She Think She Is?, Actin...
Justice Smith - The "American Gladiators" Interview
Justice Smith - The "American Gladiators" Interview Kam Williams Interview Jesse ’Justice’ Smith can be caught kicking butt and taking names on the revitalized, classic reality seri...
Author Brenda Thomas Attracts Vast Media Attention
Author Brenda Thomas Attracts Vast Media Attention Kam Williams Interview [ AALBC.com Home ] [ Buy Any Book] Author Brenda Thomas Attracts Vast Media Attention by Audra Shiver...
Jayne Cubbage
Jayne Cubbage Kam Williams Interview A well-experienced journalist, Jayne Cubbage has a broad ranging career in electronic and print media. She has covered sports, business, entertainment an...
Shirley Sherrod: The “Martin Luther King Awards Dinner” Interview with Kam Williams
Shirley Sherrod: The “Martin Luther King Awards Dinner” Interview with Kam Williams Kam Williams Interview Shirley Sherrod is best known as the African-American government official fired in ...
Touré: Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means to Be Black Now
Touré: Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means to Be Black Now Kam Williams Interview Touré - The “Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness?” Interview Born in Boston on ...
Don Cheadle - Brooklyn's Finest Interview
Don Cheadle - Brooklyn's Finest Interview Kam Williams Interview Donald Cheadle might be the best actor around yet to win an Oscar. His only Academy Award nomination came in 2005 for his po...
Dante James: The “Huey P. Newton Documentary” Interview
Dante James: The “Huey P. Newton Documentary” Interview Kam Williams Interview Emmy-Winning Director Invites Investors in Black Panther Biopic Dante James is an Emmy Award-winning independen...
Melissa Harris-Perry - The "Sister Citizen" Interview
Melissa Harris-Perry - The "Sister Citizen" Interview Kam Williams Interview Sister Melissa Born in Seattle, Washington on October 2, 1973, but raised in Charlottesville and Chester, Virgini...
Eboni K. Williams “The Fox News Specialists” Interview
Eboni K. Williams “The Fox News Specialists” Interview Kam Williams Interview Eboni Weighs-In on New Show and on Turmoil at Fox Eboni K. Williams, Esquire joined the Fox News Network in Septem...
Nate Parker: The “The Birth of a Nation” Interview
Nate Parker: The “The Birth of a Nation” Interview Kam Williams Interview The Birth of Nate’s Nation! Actor/humanitarian-turned-writer/director Nate Parker first received critical attent...
Interview with Zane
Interview with Zane Kam Williams Interview Zane (not her real name) is the best-selling author of a plethora of African-American-oriented erotica, including Dear G Spot, Afterbur...
Stephen Carter “Palace Council” Interview
Stephen Carter “Palace Council” Interview Kam Williams Interview Here, he talks about his sequel, New England White, another sophisticated suspense thriller set amidst the African-American elite. ...
Abiola Abrams Interview with <em>BackList</em>
Abiola Abrams Interview with BackList Felicia Pride Interview In her interview with BackList, she drops knowledge on classical literature, screenwriting, and why she’s definitely an O.G. ...
Ava DuVernay The “Selma” Interview
Ava DuVernay The “Selma” Interview Kam Williams Interview Ava DuVernay is a writer, producer, director and distributor of independent film. Winner of the Best Director Award at the 2012 Sundanc...
The “Talk to Me” Interview
The “Talk to Me” Interview Kam Williams Interview Talk to Me Photo: Kasi Lemmons with Taraji P. Henson. Born in St. Louis on February 24, 1961, Karen "Kasi" Lemmons is the daughter...
John Singleton “The Illegal” Tender Interview
John Singleton “The Illegal” Tender Interview Kam Williams Interview Producer John Singleton on the set of Universal Pictures' Illegal Tender - 2007 Boy from the hood ...
Anika Noni Rose - Half of a Yellow Sun - Interview
Anika Noni Rose - Half of a Yellow Sun - Interview Kam Williams Interview Anika Noni Rose The “Half of a Yellow Sun” Interview Tony Award winner Anika Noni Rose currently stars alongside Denz...
Cathy Hughes - The TV One Interview
Cathy Hughes - The TV One Interview Kam Williams Interview One on One with TV One's Media Mogul Catherine Elizabeth Woods Hughes was born in Omaha, Nebraska where she attended Creighton Un...
Deval Patrick - The “A Reason to Believe” Interview
Deval Patrick - The “A Reason to Believe” Interview Kam Williams Interview Reflections on Going from the Ghetto to Governor's Office Deval Laurdine Patrick was born on July 31, 1956 in Chicag...
Dr. Randal Pinkett - The “Black Faces in White Places” Interview
Dr. Randal Pinkett - The “Black Faces in White Places” Interview Kam Williams Interview "You're Hired!" A Chat with the Only African-American Winner of "The Apprentice" Dr. Randal Pinkett ha...
Eddie Murphy - The "Dreamgirls" Interview
Eddie Murphy - The "Dreamgirls" Interview Kam Williams Interview Murphy Muses on Dream Role Dreamgirls (2006) - Eddie Murphy Eddie Murphy The Dreamgirls Interview with Kam Williams Born ...
Congressman James Clyburn is interviewd about his 2014 memoir “Blessed Experiences”
Congressman James Clyburn is interviewd about his 2014 memoir “Blessed Experiences” Kam Williams Interview Congressman James Clyburn The “Blessed Experiences” Interview James Enos Clyburn made h...
Jimmy Carter - The “White House Diary” Interview
Jimmy Carter - The “White House Diary” Interview Kam Williams Interview Jimmy Carter - The "White House Diary" Interview photo © Sara Saunders Jimmy Carter, the 39th...
Laurel J. Richie - The WNBA Interview
Laurel J. Richie - The WNBA Interview Kam Williams Interview WNBA President on Her Life, the League and the Olympics Laurel J. Richie has more than three decades of experience in consumer mar...
Michael Steele - Interview - Oct 2011
Michael Steele - Interview - Oct 2011 Kam Williams Interview Michael Steele The Interview Michael Stephen Steele was born on Andrews Air Force Base in Prince Georges County, Maryland on Oct...
Ne-Yo - The "Red Tails" Interview [2012]
Ne-Yo - The "Red Tails" Interview [2012] Kam Williams Interview Yo! Ne-Yo! Shaffer Chimere Smith, aka Ne-Yo, was born in Camden, Arkansas, but raised in Las Vegas, Nevada by his mom, a musi...
Omar Benson Miller - The Express & Miracle at St. Anna Interview
Omar Benson Miller - The Express & Miracle at St. Anna Interview Kam Williams Interview Born on October 7, 1978, Los Angeles native Omar Benson Miller started acting professionall...
Salli Richardson-Whitfield - The "I Will Follow" Interview
Salli Richardson-Whitfield - The "I Will Follow" Interview Kam Williams Interview Sallie Rchardson with co-stars Omari Hardwick (L) and Blair Underwood Born in Chicago on November 23, 1967...
Sheila Johnson “The Other City” Interview
Sheila Johnson “The Other City” Interview Kam Williams Interview A Heart-to-Heart with America's First Black Billionairess © Salamander Hopsitality 2010 Entrepreneur and philanthropist...
Tasha Smith - The "Why Did I Get Married" Interview
Tasha Smith - The "Why Did I Get Married" Interview Kam Williams Interview Tasha Smith is a larger than life actress who brings an endearing combination of chemistry, raw intensity, vulne...
The Jena Blowback: Symbolic Use of the Noose as the New N-Word
The Jena Blowback: Symbolic Use of the Noose as the New N-Word Kam Williams Interview The Jena Blowback: Symbolic Use of the Noose as the New N-Word by Kam Williams Ominously, there's ...
Van Jones - The "Carbon Nation" Interview
Van Jones - The "Carbon Nation" Interview Kam Williams Interview Former Obama Green Czar Opines on the State of the "Carbon Nation" Anthony "Van" Jones and his twin sister, Angela, were born...
Vivica A. Fox - The "Cover" and "Three Can Play That Game" Interview
Vivica A. Fox - The "Cover" and "Three Can Play That Game" Interview Kam Williams Interview Born in South Bend, Indiana on July 30, 1964, Vivica Anjanetta Fox is of both Native ...
Walter Benefield
Walter Benefield Kam Williams Interview An avid reader, husband, father, U.S. Marine and writer, Walter says, "reading African American Literature is contagious." Reading great stories a...
Spike Lee: The Miracle at St. Anna Interview
Spike Lee: The Miracle at St. Anna Interview Kam Williams Interview Miracle of St. Spike Spike Lee is back with his first full-length feature since Inside Man (2006), the NYC cr...
The Movie Maker’s Network Interview
The Movie Maker’s Network Interview Kam Williams Interview
Dr. Ben Carson - The Gifted Hands Interview
Dr. Ben Carson - The Gifted Hands Interview Kam Williams Interview Benjamin Solomon Carson, Sr. had a childhood dream of becoming a physician. Growing up in a single parent home with ...
Common - Smokin' Aces Interview
Common - Smokin' Aces Interview Kam Williams Interview Common Making Sense Born in Chicago on March 13, 1972, Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. is said to be one of seven children fathered by ...
Craig Robinson The "A Game of Character" Interview
Craig Robinson The "A Game of Character" Interview Kam Williams Interview Fraternizing with the First Brother-in-Law Craig Robinson was born in Chicago on April 21, 1962, to Fraser and Mar...
Danny Glover - The "Honeydripper" Interview
Danny Glover - The "Honeydripper" Interview Kam Williams Interview Danny on Acting, Directing, and His Commitment to the Downtrodden and Disenfranchised Danny Glover as TYRONE PURVIS in...
Dante Brown - The Won't Back Down Interview
Dante Brown - The Won't Back Down Interview Kam Williams Interview Dante Brown The “Won’t Back Down” Interview Born in Chicago on October 6, 1999, Dante Brown’s big break came at the tender ...
Denzel Washington - "The Inside Man Interview" Interview
Denzel Washington - "The Inside Man Interview" Interview Kam Williams Interview Inside Denzel Denzel Washington The Inside Man Interview Photo from Inside Man (2006): Clive Owen, Denzel W...
Frank Fountain - President of the DaimlerChrysler Corporation Fund - Interview
Frank Fountain - President of the DaimlerChrysler Corporation Fund - Interview Kam Williams Interview W. Frank Fountain is the President of the DaimlerChrysler Corporation Fund, ...
Gloria Reuben - The "Raising the Bar" Interview
Gloria Reuben - The "Raising the Bar" Interview Kam Williams Interview Born in Toronto on June 9, 1964, Gloria Reuben is the second youngest of a half-dozen children born to ...
Halle Berry
Halle Berry Kam Williams Interview Halle Berry Born August 14, 1968, in Cleveland, Ohio the youngest daughter born to Jerome and Judith Berry, an interracial couple. Halle, and her older s...
Idris Elba (Sept 2014) - No Good Deed
Idris Elba (Sept 2014) - No Good Deed Kam Williams Interview The New York Times Magazine Q&A with Idris Elba No Good Deed PG-13, Mystery & Suspense Directed By: Sam Miller...
Keith David - The "Delta Farce" Interview
Keith David - The "Delta Farce" Interview Kam Williams Interview Keith David Williams was born in Harlem on June 4, 1956. His thirst for the stage was whetted at an early age when he played t...
Keke Palmer: The “Crazy Sexy Cool: The TLC Story” Interview
Keke Palmer: The “Crazy Sexy Cool: The TLC Story” Interview Kam Williams Interview Keke Palmer: The “Crazy Sexy Cool: The TLC Story” Interview Born in Harvey, Illinois on August 26, 1993, Lauren...
Ken Bevel - The "Courageous" Interview with AALBC.com
Ken Bevel - The "Courageous" Interview with AALBC.com Kam Williams Interview Marine Captain-Turned-Pastor "Courageous" A native of Jacksonville, Florida, Ken Bevel is a graduate of the Un...
Laila Ali - Interview
Laila Ali - Interview Kam Williams Interview Float Like a Butterfly, Sting Like a Bee, Rumba Young Woman Rumba! Laila Ali was born in Miami Beach on December 30th, 1977 to Muhamma...