AALBC Search
Morris Chestnut - November 2013 Interview with AALBC.com
Morris Chestnut - November 2013 Interview with AALBC.com Kam Williams Interview Morris Chestnut was born on New Year’s Day 1969 in Cerritos, California where he was a student-athlete in high sc...
Uncle Yah Yah Part I & II 21st Century Man of Wisdom - Book Reviewed by Carol Taylor
Uncle Yah Yah Part I & II 21st Century Man of Wisdom - Book Reviewed by Carol Taylor Kam Williams Interview Uncle Yah Yah 21st Century Man of Wisdom - Part II Click to order via Amazo...
Denzel Washington - "The Inside Man Interview" Interview
Denzel Washington - "The Inside Man Interview" Interview Kam Williams Interview Inside Denzel Denzel Washington The Inside Man Interview Photo from Inside Man (2006): Clive Owen, Denzel W...
An Interview with John A. Williams
An Interview with John A. Williams Dennis A. Williams Interview John A. Williams (right) and Dennis A. Williams Originally published in FORKROADS, A Journal of Ethnic-American Literature, Wint...
Clinton, Springer & Barry
Clinton, Springer & Barry Kam Williams Interview Jerry Springer saves Bill Clinton & gets consultation from Marion Barry. by Cinque Brown Did u know that Jerry Springer saved Bill Clin...
Debating the Black Agenda, a panel discussion - Video Clip
Debating the Black Agenda, a panel discussion - Video Clip Kam Williams Interview MSNBC PRESS RELEASE On Saturday, April 17th, msnbc will carry portions of the National Action Network's...
Will.i.Am - The "X-Men Origins: Wolverine" Interview
Will.i.Am - The "X-Men Origins: Wolverine" Interview Kam Williams Interview Will Expounds on Everything from X:Men to ’Yes We Can’ William James Adams, aka Will.i.Am, was...
Dr. West’s Prognosis for the Country's Prospects
Dr. West’s Prognosis for the Country's Prospects Kam Williams Interview Dr. Cornel West is a prominent and provocative public intellectual dedicated to democracy. Currently the Class of 19...
Melvin Van Peebles - The "How to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company (And Enjoy It)" Interview
Melvin Van Peebles - The "How to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company (And Enjoy It)" Interview Kam Williams Interview Restless Rabble-Rouser Reflects on Career as Renaissance Man Melvin Van Pee...
Terrence Howard - The “Dead Man Down” Interview (March 2013)
Terrence Howard - The “Dead Man Down” Interview (March 2013) Kam Williams Interview Terrence Howard - The “Dead Man Down” Interview In 2006, Terrence Howard received an Academy Award nomin...
Dr. Condoleezza Rice - The “Ordinary, Extraordinary People” Interview
Dr. Condoleezza Rice - The “Ordinary, Extraordinary People” Interview Kam Williams Interview Dr. Condoleezza Rice was born in Birmingham, Alabama on November 14, 1954, the only child to bless th...
Wesley Snipes “The Expendables 3” Interview
Wesley Snipes “The Expendables 3” Interview Kam Williams Interview Wesley Snipes “The Expendables 3” Interview Wesley T. Snipes is a globally celebrated actor, film producer, mas...
Janet Jackson - The “Why Did I Get Married Too” Interview
Janet Jackson - The “Why Did I Get Married Too” Interview Kam Williams Interview Born in Gary, Indiana on May 16, 1966, Janet Damita Jo Jackson entered show business at the tender age of 7 whe...
Janet Jackson [2010] - The “For Colored Girls” Interview
Janet Jackson [2010] - The “For Colored Girls” Interview Kam Williams Interview Global icon, trendsetter, businesswoman, and multi-talented entertainer, Janet Damita Jo Jackson is a woman wh...
Notes from a Hip Hop Head
Notes from a Hip Hop Head Kam Williams Interview April 19, 2007 An Open Letter to Oprah Winfrey: Notes from a Hip Hop Head by Saul Williams Dear Ms. Winfrey, It is with the g...
“In My Own Words”© (IMOW) Flavor Flav, The Real Man Behind The Clock And Sunglasses
“In My Own Words”© (IMOW) Flavor Flav, The Real Man Behind The Clock And Sunglasses Kam Williams Interview "In My Own Words"© (IMOW) Flavor Flav, The Real Man Behind The Clock And Sunglasses ...
Tyler Perry - The Family That Preys Interview
Tyler Perry - The Family That Preys Interview Kam Williams Interview A Visit to The House of Perry Tyler Perry's path from the perilous streets of New Orleans to the heights of Holly...
An Open Statement to the Fans of The Help by Association of Black Women Historians (ABWH)
An Open Statement to the Fans of The Help by Association of Black Women Historians (ABWH) Kam Williams Interview An Open Statement to the Fans of The Help http://www.abwh.org On behalf of ...
Beverly Johnson - Interview
Beverly Johnson - Interview Kam Williams Interview Beverly Johnson is the first African-American supermodel. She is also an actress, author, activist, businesswoman and TV personality. Sh...
Steve Harvey The “Think Like a Man” Interview [April 2012]
Steve Harvey The “Think Like a Man” Interview [April 2012] Kam Williams Interview Steve Harvey The “Think Like a Man” Interview Born in Welch, West Virginia on January 17, 1956, Steve Harvey ...
Troy Johnson on #WritersonWriting with Dr. Brenda M. Greene (#Center4BlackLit)
Troy Johnson on #WritersonWriting with Dr. Brenda M. Greene (#Center4BlackLit) Brenda M. Greene Interview Dr. Brenda Greene interviews Troy Johnson, the founder of the African American Literature Boo...
Common - Smokin' Aces Interview
Common - Smokin' Aces Interview Kam Williams Interview Common Making Sense Born in Chicago on March 13, 1972, Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. is said to be one of seven children fathered by ...
The Movie Maker’s Network Interview
The Movie Maker’s Network Interview Kam Williams Interview
Soledad O’Brien - The “Who Is Black in America?” (Black in America 5) Interview
Soledad O’Brien - The “Who Is Black in America?” (Black in America 5) Interview Kam Williams Interview Soledad O’Brien The “Who Is Black in America?” Interview Soledad O’Brien is the anchor fo...
Wayne Pharr - Obituary - September 6, 2014
Wayne Pharr - Obituary - September 6, 2014 Kam Williams Interview Wayne Pharr, former Black Panther who fought the Los Angeles Police in a historic gun battle in 1969, passed away on September 6, 2...
Prophet Shelby Explains Why Black Messiah Obama Won’t Win
Prophet Shelby Explains Why Black Messiah Obama Won’t Win Kam Williams Interview Photo Credit: Hoover Institution Shelby Steele is a controversial public intellectual w...
The “Black Nativity” Interview
The “Black Nativity” Interview Kam Williams Interview Kam Williams: Hi Kasi, thanks for the interview. Kasi Lemmons: No problem. KW: What a powerful film! I don’t remember ever s...
Rashida Jones - The "I Love You, Man" Interview
Rashida Jones - The "I Love You, Man" Interview Kam Williams Interview Born in L.A. on February 25, 1976, Rashida Leah Jones is the younger daughter of jazz icon/composer/a...
The X-Men 3 Interview
The X-Men 3 Interview Kam Williams Interview Halle Berry The X-Men 3 Interview with Kam Williams With X-Men 3, Halle Berry is back on the big screen for the first time in two ...
Daryle Jenkins - The Klanbuster Interview
Daryle Jenkins - The Klanbuster Interview Kam Williams Interview Daryle Jenkins - The Klanbuster Interview with Kam Williams Everybody admires the bravery firemen exhibit by ru...
Gabrielle Union - The "Good Deeds" Interview (February 2012)
Gabrielle Union - The "Good Deeds" Interview (February 2012) Kam Williams Interview Gabrielle Union - The "Good Deeds" Interview One of today’s hottest stars, Gabrielle Union continues...
The Vanishing Black Male Interview
The Vanishing Black Male Interview Kam Williams Interview KW: Do you really think black men are vanishing and becoming extinct? Hisani DuBose (HD): With over one million African Amer...
Brian Sparks - The "Black White" Interview
Brian Sparks - The "Black White" Interview Kam Williams Interview Black Man Reflects on Being White for Five Weeks Brian Sparks: Before Photo Credit: Robert Zuckerman B...
Clarence Thomas’ Ex Expounds on Steamy Memoir Vindicating Anita Hill
Clarence Thomas’ Ex Expounds on Steamy Memoir Vindicating Anita Hill Kam Williams Interview Retired Justice Lillian McEwen was born, raised and educated in Washington, D.C. Her stellar legal care...
Stedman Graham: The “Athletes Against Drugs”
Stedman Graham: The “Athletes Against Drugs” Kam Williams Interview Stedman Graham was born on March 6, 1951 in Whitesboro, NJ, a community founded in 1901 by a group of prominent African...
Eric Benet - The “Trinity Goodheart” Interview 2011
Eric Benet - The “Trinity Goodheart” Interview 2011 Kam Williams Interview Eric Benét - The "Trinity Goodheart" Interview Born in Milwaukee on October 15, 1970, two-time Grammy-nominee Eri...
Tasha Smith (2015) on her role in Addicted
Tasha Smith (2015) on her role in Addicted Kam Williams Interview Tasha Smith • January 2015 Interview • Her Role on the Film Addicted, TV Projects and More Tasha Smith is a multifaceted act...
Meagan Good The "Deception" Interview
Meagan Good The "Deception" Interview Kam Williams Interview Meagan Good The “Deception” Interview Meagan Good stars in NBC's midseason drama "Deception" as Joanna Padget Locasto, a San Franc...
Interview with Author of The Billion Dollar College Admissions Scam
Interview with Author of The Billion Dollar College Admissions Scam Troy Johnson Interview Harlow Giles Unger Troy Johnson, AALBC:I agree with the notion that college is not for everyone. However,...
Vivica A. Fox - The "Cover" and "Three Can Play That Game" Interview
Vivica A. Fox - The "Cover" and "Three Can Play That Game" Interview Kam Williams Interview Born in South Bend, Indiana on July 30, 1964, Vivica Anjanetta Fox is of both Native ...
Bob Marley is Still Catching Fire
Bob Marley is Still Catching Fire Kam Williams Interview BOB MARLEY IS STILL CATCHING FIRE by Christopher John Farley author of "Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley." Bob...
Daryle Jenkins - Interview, Klanbuster Discusses State of Hate Groups in the Age of Obama
Daryle Jenkins - Interview, Klanbuster Discusses State of Hate Groups in the Age of Obama Kam Williams Interview Klanbuster Discusses State of Hate Groups in the Age of Obama ...
Reverend Al Sharpton The “Murder in Black and White Interview”
Reverend Al Sharpton The “Murder in Black and White Interview” Kam Williams Interview Alfred Charles Sharpton, Jr. was born in Brooklyn, NY on October 3, 1954 to Ada and Alfred...
Meagan Good (2014) - Interview
Meagan Good (2014) - Interview Kam Williams Interview Meagan Good has developed into one of Hollywood's most sought-after actresses for both film and television. Most recently, she starred in...
Michael Ealy The “Think Like a Man Too” Interview (2014)
Michael Ealy The “Think Like a Man Too” Interview (2014) Kam Williams Interview For the last few years, Michael Ealy has been red-hot, jumping from TV to film and back to TV, seamlessly. He rec...
Michael Ealy, the "Think Like a Man" Interview
Michael Ealy, the "Think Like a Man" Interview Kam Williams Interview Really Ealy! Born in Silver Spring, Maryland on August 3, 1973, Michael Ealy majored in English at the University of Maryl...
Naomie Harris - The “Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom” Interview
Naomie Harris - The “Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom” Interview Kam Williams Interview A Long Walk with Naomie As a critically acclaimed actress in film, television, and theatre, Naomie Harris ...
Nia Long “The Single Moms Club” Interview - 2014
Nia Long “The Single Moms Club” Interview - 2014 Kam Williams Interview Nia Long “The Single Moms Club” Interview Stunningly-attractive leading lady Nia Long returned to the big screen last ...
Taraji P. Henson - The “From the Rough” Interview (April 2014)
Taraji P. Henson - The “From the Rough” Interview (April 2014) Kam Williams Interview Taraji P. Henson earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress opposite Brad Pitt in David ...
Tip "T.I." Harris - The "ATL" Interview (2006)
Tip "T.I." Harris - The "ATL" Interview (2006) Kam Williams Interview TIp 'T.I.' Harris Clifford Joseph Harris, Jr. was born in Atlanta on September 25, 1980. The precocious poet began rhym...
Marcus Mosiah Garvey
Marcus Mosiah Garvey Kam Williams Interview THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY HISTORY NOTES "UP! YOU MIGHTY RACE: A TRIBUTE TO MARCUS MOSIAH GARVEY (1887-1940)" BY RUNOKO RASHDI DEDICATED TO D...
Wesley Snipes - The "Brooklyn's Finest" Interview (March 2010)
Wesley Snipes - The "Brooklyn's Finest" Interview (March 2010) Kam Williams Interview Wesley's Finest! Wesley Snipes was born in Orlando on July 31, 1962 to Marian, a teacher's aide, and We...
Lynne d. Johnson
Lynne d. Johnson Kam Williams Interview ynne d. Johnson writes about music, cyberculture, literature, and the performing and visual arts. You can find her articles, essays, and poetry in variou...
Giving it Away: My "Free" Lance Writing Career
Giving it Away: My "Free" Lance Writing Career Kam Williams Interview Giving it Away: My ’Free’ Lance Writing Career By Leah Mullen A few weeks ago while I was listening to one of my books...
Black Panther Founder, Bobby Seale
Black Panther Founder, Bobby Seale Kam Williams Interview Seizing the Time with the Black Panther Founder Robert George Seale was born on October 22, 1936 in Dallas, Texas where, from ...
Soledad O Brien - The "CNN Presents: Black in America 2" Interview
Soledad O Brien - The "CNN Presents: Black in America 2" Interview Kam Williams Interview Photo by Dimitrios Kambouris - ' WireImage.com Born on September 19, 1966 in Saint ...
Nate Parker Interview on his role in, Beyond the Lights
Nate Parker Interview on his role in, Beyond the Lights Kam Williams Interview Parker recently launched a campaign aimed at addressing the crisis affecting black males across America. Actor an...
Tracy Morgan - The “Cop Out” Interview
Tracy Morgan - The “Cop Out” Interview Kam Williams Interview Tracy Morgan as the New Black Brooklyn-born Tracy Morgan started out in showbiz in his teens, doing standup until he was in...
Will Smith - The "I Am Legend" Interview
Will Smith - The "I Am Legend" Interview Kam Williams Interview Will Is Legend Will Smith's stratospheric stature in showbiz has only been further enhanced by I Am Legend's rec...
Tyler Perry Interview June 2012
Tyler Perry Interview June 2012 Kam Williams Interview Tyler Perry The “Madea’s Witness Protection” Interview Tyler Perry’s inspirational journey from the hard streets of New Orleans to the h...
David Mann - The "Meet the Browns" Interview
David Mann - The "Meet the Browns" Interview Kam Williams Interview Meet the Manns Born on August 7, 1966 with a beautiful singing voice, Texas-native David Mann began ...
Christina Milian "The Voice" Interview
Christina Milian "The Voice" Interview Kam Williams Interview Christina Milian "The Voice" Interview Born in New Jersey on September 26, 1981, but raised in Waldorf, Maryland, Christina Milian is...
Denzel Washington (2014) Interview - The Equalizer
Denzel Washington (2014) Interview - The Equalizer Kam Williams Interview Denzel Washington - The Equalizer Interview Coming Soon The Equalizer In Theaters: Sep 26, 2014 Wide Rated R, Myste...
R. Kelly Video Impersonating Michael Jackson
R. Kelly Video Impersonating Michael Jackson Kam Williams Interview Soulacoaster: The Diary of Me Click to Buy via Amazon.com by R. Kelly,David Ritz Hardcover: 392 pages Pu...
Troy Johnson
Troy Johnson Kam Williams Interview "Hello, Troy. I visited your site - very interesting. It is a good deal more than a Book Club for bucks - more like a neighborhood bookstore - a labor of lo...
Tavis Smiley: The State of the Black Union Interview
Tavis Smiley: The State of the Black Union Interview Kam Williams Interview Born in Gulfport, Mississippi on September 13, 1964, Tavis Smiley was raised by his mother an...
Jada Pinkett Smith - The "HawthoRNe" Interview
Jada Pinkett Smith - The "HawthoRNe" Interview Kam Williams Interview Jada Pinkett Smith The HawthoRNe Interview Maryland Native Jada Pinkett Smith studied dance and acting ...
Nicole Beharie - The "American Violet" Interview
Nicole Beharie - The "American Violet" Interview Kam Williams Interview A recent grad of the acting program at the prestigious Juilliard School, Nicole Beharie made her screen d...
Steve Harvey: The Still Trippin' Interview
Steve Harvey: The Still Trippin' Interview Kam Williams Interview Steve Reflects on His Career and on the Passing of His Pal Bernie Mac Broderick Steven Harvey was born in W...
Texas Battle - The "Dragonball Evolution" Interview
Texas Battle - The "Dragonball Evolution" Interview Kam Williams Interview Born in Houston on August 9, 1980, Texas Battle earned his bachelor's degree in kinesiology at the...
Tyrese Gibson - "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen" Interview
Tyrese Gibson - "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen" Interview Kam Williams Interview Always Tyrese! Tyrese Darnell Gibson was born in Los Angeles on December 30, 1978. He...
Zoe Saldana - The "Star Trek" Interview
Zoe Saldana - The "Star Trek" Interview Kam Williams Interview Given Zoe Saldana’s meteoric rise, it only makes sense that the flick that finally rockets her to the h...
Dr. Henry Louis Gates - The "Black in Latin America" Interview
Dr. Henry Louis Gates - The "Black in Latin America" Interview Kam Williams Interview Dr. Gates on His New PBS Series Professor Henry Louis Gates dominated the national news for ...
Bob Johnson - The Who’s Your Caddy Interview
Bob Johnson - The Who’s Your Caddy Interview Kam Williams Interview First Black Billionaire Gives His Two Cents on Everything from Making Movies to Making Money Robert L. Johnson was b...
Award-winning Author and Journalist asha bandele
Award-winning Author and Journalist asha bandele Robert Fleming Interview An award-winning author and journalist, asha bandele first attained recognition when she penned her ...
Spike Lee: The Miracle at St. Anna Interview
Spike Lee: The Miracle at St. Anna Interview Kam Williams Interview Miracle of St. Spike Spike Lee is back with his first full-length feature since Inside Man (2006), the NYC cr...
Ryan Coogler's "Fruitvale Station" Interview with AALBC.com
Ryan Coogler's "Fruitvale Station" Interview with AALBC.com Kam Williams Interview Born in Oakland, California on May 23, 1986, Ryan Coogler attended college on a football scholarship, playing wi...
Lunchtime Chat with Pamala McCoy
Lunchtime Chat with Pamala McCoy Ida Walker Interview Managing BONA5D full-time gives Pamala the opportunity to help individuals navigate their financial woes through a struggling economy to reach a ...
50 Cent’s 2 Cents on Shooting Scenes, Samuel L., and His Son
50 Cent’s 2 Cents on Shooting Scenes, Samuel L., and His Son Kam Williams Interview Born Curtis James Jackson, III in South Jamaica, Queens on July 6, 1975, 50 Cent has eclipsed his mentor Emine...
The “Talk to Me” Interview
The “Talk to Me” Interview Kam Williams Interview Talk to Me Photo: Kasi Lemmons with Taraji P. Henson. Born in St. Louis on February 24, 1961, Karen "Kasi" Lemmons is the daughter...
Delroy Lindo - The "Wondrous Oblivion" Interview
Delroy Lindo - The "Wondrous Oblivion" Interview Kam Williams Interview Delroy Lindo The Wondrous Oblivion Interview with Kam Williams The son of Jamaican immigrants to England...
Kickin' It Old School (2007) - Film Review
Kickin' It Old School (2007) - Film Review Kam Williams Interview Patient Emerges from 20-Year Coma to Breakdance Again in Bad Taste Comedy Kickin’ It Old School Rated PG-13 for profanity, e...
Thandie Newton - The Crash Interview
Thandie Newton - The Crash Interview Kam Williams Interview Thandiwe (pronounced 'Tan-dee') Adjewa Newton was born in Zambia on November 6, 1972, but was raised in Penzance, Cornwall by her...
Tyler Perry - The “Good Deeds” [2012] Interview with Kam Williams
Tyler Perry - The “Good Deeds” [2012] Interview with Kam Williams Kam Williams Interview Tyler Perry - The “Good Deeds” Interview Tyler Perry’s inspirational journey from the hard stree...
Freedomland Interview
Freedomland Interview Kam Williams Interview Green Eggs and Sam Samuel L. Jackson Publicity Still from the film Freedomland (2006) One of the hardest working actors in Hollywood, Samuel...
Idrissa Uqdah
Idrissa Uqdah Kam Williams Interview Idrissa Uqdah, a writer from New Jersey grew up in Philadelphia. Her early fiction and poetry were published in the 1970s. Idrissa spent some time in Bl...
Gladys Knight - The "I Can Do Bad All by Myself" Interview
Gladys Knight - The "I Can Do Bad All by Myself" Interview Kam Williams Interview The great ones endure, and Gladys Knight is a testament to that sage maxim. Over the last ha...
Trey Songz - The “Texas Chainsaw 3D” Interview
Trey Songz - The “Texas Chainsaw 3D” Interview Kam Williams Interview Trey Songz - The “Texas Chainsaw 3D” Interview Born in Petersburg, Virginia on November 28, 1984, Tremaine Aldon Neverson, A...
Touré: Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means to Be Black Now
Touré: Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means to Be Black Now Kam Williams Interview Touré - The “Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness?” Interview Born in Boston on ...
Assessing the State of the Black Digital Press
Assessing the State of the Black Digital Press Kam Williams Interview Troy Johnson is the President of AALBC.com, LLC, whose main property is the website AALBC.com, for which Troy is the foun...
Kola Boof: Words with the Author of the Best Black Book of 2006
Kola Boof: Words with the Author of the Best Black Book of 2006 Kam Williams Interview Egyptian/Sudanese-American writer Kola Boof is the author of seven books published in eight countrie...
Ishmael Reed – July 1-7, 1983, in Emeryville, California
Ishmael Reed – July 1-7, 1983, in Emeryville, California Reginald Martin Interview REGINALD MARTIN: Camus wrote in "Neither Victims nor Executioners" that the only really committed a...
Dante James: The “Huey P. Newton Documentary” Interview
Dante James: The “Huey P. Newton Documentary” Interview Kam Williams Interview Emmy-Winning Director Invites Investors in Black Panther Biopic Dante James is an Emmy Award-winning independen...
Cave Canem's 10th Anniversary
Cave Canem's 10th Anniversary Kam Williams Interview Poetry Unleashed - Cave Canem's 10th Anniversary by Rondall Brasher My awakening was Cave Canem's 10th Anniversary celebration he...
Cornel West
Cornel West Kam Williams Interview Born in Tulsa, Oklahoma on June 2, 1953, Princeton Professor Cornel Ronald West is one of America's most gifted and provocative...
Djimon Hounsou - The "Push" Interview - plus, Djimon a Daddy?
Djimon Hounsou - The "Push" Interview - plus, Djimon a Daddy? Kam Williams Interview Djimon a Daddy? During an interview with me last year, Djimon Hounsou prematurely broke th...
Dr. Randal Pinkett - The “Black Faces in White Places” Interview
Dr. Randal Pinkett - The “Black Faces in White Places” Interview Kam Williams Interview "You're Hired!" A Chat with the Only African-American Winner of "The Apprentice" Dr. Randal Pinkett ha...
Flex Alexander - The "Soulaughable" Interview
Flex Alexander - The "Soulaughable" Interview Kam Williams Interview Born Marc Alexander Knox in the Bronx on April 15, 1970, Flex Alexander got his start in showbiz as ...
Jennifer Hudson - The "Dreamgirls" Interview
Jennifer Hudson - The "Dreamgirls" Interview Kam Williams Interview Hudson Has Arrived! Jennifer Hudson Dreamgirls (2006) Born in Chicago on September 12, 1981, Jennifer Hudson began singi...
Keshia Knight Pulliam - The "Madea Goes to Jail" Interview
Keshia Knight Pulliam - The "Madea Goes to Jail" Interview Kam Williams Interview Cosby Kid Chats about Successful Comeback Born in Newark, New Jersey on April 9, 1979, Kesh...