Chevdove

Never thought of this reality and commonality in that all three of these countries share. Amazing observation @richardmurray! You know, I would have thought that America would incorporate their history in Europe a little better than they do in our educational system. I find it so fascinating about the earlier people in Europe such as the Celts and Gauls, and so many others long before the Europeans migrated into this country and became unique.

Really!? @richardmurray This surprises me! Well then, I don't feel too bad now, when I realize that I have not seen a great film! Ever so often, I will come across an old film, watch it, and then become amazed that I had not seen it back when it initially came out. So true! But it is frustrating though, when you find out that a certain film that could have been beneficial has been suppressed!

I vaguely remember seeing a documentary about him. I'm interested. The history of France is very interesting and during that time period in gneral, I also like to read about all of Europe. It made a serious impact on America. I'm happy she mentioned it is on HULU.

I've never heard of this film.

lol! This is interesting. I have recently read about another category, Sigma males, and I hear they can be more appealing than even alpha typed males. My son thinkgs that I am a Sigma leader and so, I had to research this. He says that a Sigma leader is one that is confident and does not want to be in the forefront, however, if there is a need to take a stance, a person with a Sigma personality will do so. And this does sound like me. But as for males, personally, I want a leader. I do not want a lazy man who thinks that it is okay to sit back and let a woman take the lead. Ha! @Troy I hope that you listen to @ProfD on this one!

I agree. @ProfD And, what about the children? I do think they will be more and more confused. I think that in general, every culture on a global scale has had conflicts when it comes to the political process from a gender perspective. As regardomg white women, I do believe that it was an uphill battle for them when it came to getting the right to vote and they used the opportunity to do so during the Civil Rights Movement. But, I honestly don't recall any significant issues like being attacked by police dogs or being hosed or pepper sprayed during their protest as many Black women, men and children had been victimized during the Civil Rights Movement. And, I don't recall White women being abandoned and left to care for their children as single mothers when they were not legally allowed to vote or be in the corporate world. So what it tells me about white women getting the right to vote after Black men, was that they decided at the time of the Civll Rights Movement to start their movement for the right to vote because they perceived that it was no longer trendy to remain in the home. I believe that if they had wanted to be in the corporate world prior to the Civil Rights Movement, then they probably would have also been victorious as well. However, again, I do realize that it was still a challenge for them just as it has been for females in general to be in a lesser position in a patriarchal society in the past. So, I am glad that white women began to campaign because when they did so, I believe that it helped all other women eventually. Thank you! @richardmurray

Sha'Carri Tosses Wig Off At Nationals! WOW! What a Statement! I believe that Sha'carri has went through a major inner transformation! I am so incredibly happy to see her on the track field. What a strong spirit! My heart goes out to her! Sha' Carri is going to have stiff competition from Jamaica with Shericka Jackson who just ran a 10.65 race in the 100m. It was difficult to find a video of the full race without a lot of commentary. For now, I just wanted to share the race with just a little commentary. Shar'carri also competed in the 200m and that is not her race, but guess what!? She did well! However, it was GABBY THOMAS that won that race, and it was an amazing race! The line up for this race was insane!!! Also in the line up for the 200m race was none other than ABBY STEINER and one of my favorites, JENNA PRANDINI. Remember, Prandini was on the Olympic sprint team that won! And there are some new names that I am not familiar with in this race. One amazing participant was a 18 year old girl, a junior in high school named, Mia Brahe-Pederson. For her to be in this race with Gabby, Sha'carri and etc. is crazy! This 200m is insane! I posted the longer version to show the line up as well. You can see at the end of this race Gabby and Sha'Carri support each other and this is one of the best sportsmanship that makes it worth watching. Gabby is awesome! And Sha'carri comes in second place! Abby also placed!

Are Men Instinctively Different Than Women? I am thinking about this topic due to the thread Pioneer posted about male attractivness versus female attractiveness. I think this is a very broad subject that has expanded over time especially due to western civilization. Today, this idea is extremely varied especially amongst the African American culture from past to present. In America, our culture is based upon the set up of chattel slavery but overtime, it has become diverse. But in the Old World, meaning 'the Mediterranean World', I think that the roles of males were much more defined as being distinct from the roles of females. I think that in the Old World, the role of a male was based on being 'an husbandman' meaning, A PROVIDER. A man was expected to be able to provide in various ways, such as shelter, agriculture, sex and reproduction, etc. And women were expected to be supporters in nurturing the offspring, cooking, making clothes, etc. and also sex too. But today, in the western world and due to slavery, I think a lot of Black women have lost trust in men, in general, not just Black men, but men in general. Some Black women are more resentful against Black men though, IMO. But nevertheless, I still believe that there are a significant number of Black women who still respect the presence of males. Even though, too, the standards have been changed today, a lot of the reasons why is positive. Women became severely oppressed in patriarchal societies therefore, the western influence in freeing up women to have better human rights is a positive step in the advancement of humanity. However, we have a ways to go for complete equality. And, all in all, I think that when we completely ignore the naturaly aspect of male and females, it will be a confusion. I believe that, instinctively, there is a uniqueness in males versus females but I can't say that I completely understand it. I think that instinctively, males are going to respond to being providers and protectors, no matter what and even if women don't think they need that kind of persona, it is going to occur. And, I believe that it is the same in all cultures and human 'races' globally. All males tend to act the same in this regard. And so, here are some short videos to show this kind of instinct. Some of them are a little humorous:

I think what attracts women to men varies greatly. I like confidence. I also believe that males should have some form of male behaviors that distinguish them a part form females.

lol! This has already happened especially in Ancient America! Many Natives were shocked when the Europeans began to attack them for this very reason. Many natives were begging 'THE GREAT WHITE FATHER' to help them get rid of the 'Black' natives and so, they were shocked when after this did occur, the Europeans also came after them too! There is much more to what I am alluding to.

@Pioneer1 Absolutely! This was the plan, to define this as being 'a black issue' when it was started by the Greeks. It had nothing to do with Africa. This is why I never voted for Obama. This federal movement was instituted during his term. And, I heard that he was not raised by his father. He was raised by his grandfather, who was a White man and who was also a troubled man due to his own childhood. I just can't believe that Black America fell for this trap. And it's not only here in America and AFrica where they are trying to define Black Americans as being homosexuals but it's global. Just recently, I heard that there are many schools in Europe named after the activist ANGELA DAVIS and she is a homosexual. One high school, was changed from being called Angela Davis high school to Rosa Parks HIgh school, in France.

@zeke1234 I absolutely agree in that we as a society have gotten away from Christ, in terms of this government, though as a whole. But I also think that it is not only the White man who thinks he is God, but this is a flaw in all mankind as a whole. Just because there are white people doesn't mean that they are the only ones to have a problem with believing in White Supremacy. Many black people believe in this and so this is the problemw ith Black Hatred and Black disrespect. It is an iniquity that plagues this whole world; Colorism. I believe that it is for this very reason that Jesus Christ came to help the whole world. A lot of black people don't realize the 'two-fold delimma' that has been presented when Jesus Chrsit came. His coming meant that mankind had completely failed. More importantly, it meant that the Black civilizations failed! This becomes a dangerous set up that has caused a certain mindset in the governments that formed after he came. This is one main reason why, I believe that many Black men are targeted and attacked. But the other aspect is that, if Jesus did not come and open up the door for the Protestant Movement to have a chance to organize their government, well, LOL, innocent people would never have a chance. So yes, this aspect is not recognized. By Jesus coming, it meant that he came to help with the predicament of human sacrifice and the oppression of Black people but, it also meant that the Black civilizations needed correction. So, it's not only that, TODAY, the White man thinks he is God, but all mankind has had a run at being supremacist and believing that they were gods, imo. Black kings in ancient times thought that that they were untouchable and could not be checked. No one is perfect imo. Oh yes, and women too. We've shared in this human plight in both the positive and the negative aspect.

I am grateful for positive people on both side of the conflict, however, I look at it from a much earlier aspect and believe that the British government and America and etc., are wrong for enslaving humans. I have said this before about many of my relatives, especially Black women like my aunts. They believe that it is a good situation for my Great grand mother to have been enslaved because their point-of-view is that we, Black Americans would never have the opportunity to be in this great American system if our ancestors did not go through being raped and enslaved. I, on the other hand, do NOT agree with this mind set. It actually makes my skin crawl, so-to-speak. I don't think that America is great due to slavery, however, I think that it is great because of the positive aspects such as women like Harriot Tubman, and the abolutionist movement, and the Protestant movement, etc.

Yes I agree! @Pioneer1 So true! @Troy I was actually surprised when I first read about this. I had no idea that it was pre-planned for Rosa Parks to respond in this way on the bus until I saw a documentary, I think, Eyes On the PRize. Oh! @Pioneer1 This is an interesting point because you see, this the very pre-planned case of the CROSS conflic some 2000 years ago. There is nothing new under the sun. The CROWD shouted and chose Barrabas even though he was a common criminal. So I believe that Americans strategically pick and choose, as you have said, so as to set the scenario that African Americans are pre-destined to be a cursed people. White Supremacist want to believe in this lie, and so they continually set up this scene and unfortunately, Black Americans play right into it, many times. When they want us to shout for George Floyd more so than Bronna Taylor and so many other Black victims, we do just that. And this set up a personification on a global scale that Black Americans are pure evil and Sodom and Gommorah. It makes me so angry, but what can be done about if?

Thank you @Delano! You have refreshed my memory because I do remember hearing this aspect of it. I guess that's why lions are considered the most dominant even of the felix category.

For real! @Pioneer1 She is definitely still alive. Her real name is Susan. But because of so many lawsuits, the state of California officials have hidden her whereabouts. After her mother sued the state, she later died. Her brother also is dead. She became a ward of the state and was placed in some kind of state institutional facility. So even though the earlier experts that helped her to make major advancements, they too have been banned from knowing her whereabouts. One expert last seen her back in the 1980s, I think and said that she regressed and is much worse than she was before she received medical attention. She has completely stopped speaking. When she becomes afraid, she will attack her own body and etc. I think she is around 67 years old now. There was another widely publicized case in Europe back in the early 1800s or perhaps earlier of a boy who had been abandoned early in his life and grew up in the woods around wolves. He was discovered in he wild, naked. And a film was made about him. In India too, there have been cases of feral humans. It's really scary.

Which is more important knowledge or belief? Even though Kant admits that knowledge is prior, and superior, to belief as well as opinion in their purely epistemic dimension, he nevertheless ends up holding that belief in the more significant sense of a 'postulate,' is more important than knowledge. What are the four phases of knowledge? The results indicate that the KM process consists of four stages: acquisition, storage, distribution, and use of knowledge. Knowledge Management Process: a theoretical-conceptual research https://journals.openedition.org/ref/895#:~:text=%E2%80%9D%20(F%C3%BCrwahrhalten).-,Even%20though%20Kant%20admits%20that%20knowledge%20is%20prior%2C%20and%20superior,is%20more%20important%20than%20knowledge Knowledge and Belief are two words that are often confused when it comes to their meanings and connotations when strictly speaking, there is some difference between them. Knowledge is all about information. Knowledge is what we gain through experience and experimentation. It derives from the realities of the world around us. As the world progresses, various sources of knowledge have also expanded. On the other hand, belief is all about conviction. This is mostly visible in religious settings, where the ideals are not tested but merely believed. Tis is the main difference between the two words. This article attempts to clarify the meaning between the two words while highlighting the differences. https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-knowledge-and-vs-belief/ “Believing is not the same as knowing. Believing is second-hand knowledge, whereas knowing is first-hand experience. When your action comes from a level of belief, there is fear, doubt and restlessness behind such action. When your action comes from a level of knowing, there is conviction, certainty and calm behind such action.” ― Yogi Kanna, Nirvana : Absolute Freedom https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/belief-vs-knowledge 4.5. Summary The tools that cognitive scientists often appeal to when investigating which aspects of our minds are the most basic all suggest that it is the capacity to represent knowledge – not belief – that is the more basic component of theory of mind. Primate work indicates that our ancestors may have begun representing knowledge states before evolving the capacity to think about beliefs. Studies of human infant theory of mind find that infants begin to track what others know before tracking what others believe, and young children can talk about and make predictions using knowledge representations long before belief representations. Tests of automatic theory of mind in adult humans suggest that representations of knowledge may happen more automatically and effortlessly than representations of beliefs. And evidence from patient populations demonstrates that an ability to represent beliefs can be disrupted while knowledge attributions remain comparatively preserved. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344203506_Knowledge_before_Belief Epistemologists study the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues. Debates in epistemology are generally clustered around four core areas:[2][3] [4] … https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology

Oh Wow! I've read some comments in this thread about the power of BELIEF and I've been turning this over in my head! Of course, this would indeed be of great interest to me because I am a Christian and BELIEVE in the verse JOHN 3:16. However, as I did in the previous reference, I also searched from other perspectives as well. I can see why some answers would place BELIEF ahead of KNOWLEDGE. I am in limbo for a minute! Here are some of my thoughts on the matter: In terms of our earliest human origins, I think, 'How can you believe in anything, when you know nothing at birth?' 'How can you believe in anything, when you know nothing at the time of Creation? 'How do you know if you are believing in --a false belief--without something to base it on?' So now, I am thinking that is why God sent His son, and marked him by astronomy, as a confirmation and so that we might KNOW. We might have KNOWLEDGE. So, there had to be witnesses that could record. So, I think that concepts such as faith, trust, hope, and belief are all directly connected to knowledge and power; Willpower, maybe. Maybe part of why this 'belief' issue has been on my mind today is because I have been very depressed about something personal going on in my life and I'm desperate and exhausted for the inner pain, so much so, that I could not sleep. But then, due to exhaustion, I was getting ready to lay down, but guess what!? I GOT A RELIEF MESSAGE SENT TO ME and I am completely in shock--relieved, at least for now. I wonder if anyone has been through this kind of hell. I've been there before and I tell you, it is pure hell. I would not say that I gave up my beliefs, however, my spirit completely died. Had it not been for others, I know i would not be at peace at all. I completely gave up hope on mankind, and again, I still believe in a higher power though. So now, I am going to drop some secular references from a collegiate and professional point-of-view.

Yes, but @ProfD the lack of respect for human life is other Black people! Black people usually attack other Blacks, but other cultures will attack their own cultures however, they also attack other cultures too. So, the problem that surrounds Black people seems to be unique, IMO. Due to my reflections on this very time of the 4th of July, and how the American Revolution unfolded, therefore this makes sense! @Stefan This is the American way to settle conflict! But still, it needs to stop.

@Pioneer1 I believe that there are levels so, it really depends. THE SUBJECT of BELIEF, POWER, KNOWLEDGE, FAITH, ACTION... is a huge one! I even found out that the subject is so large that there is even a specific term and is studied intensely on a college level and also goes all the way back to ancient times, especially with the Greeks. And, I also gave examples of action and come to realize that in terms of action and power, you have to have it to even rise from your bed or eat, etc. But again, it is based on perspective and there is an ongoing debate about it. I think about certain situations such as this; TIGERS are more powerful than lions, but lions are social and group together and in this way, they are the top--apex animals. But will a lion fight a tiger, I think so if they were challenged, and they would lose that fight if their brothers are not there to back them up. So therefore, tigers ae more powerful than lions. And then I also think about FERAL HUMANS. Today due to civilizations, we don't have to deal with this predicament, however, it still happens on rare occasions. Right here in America, there is a feral woman who is still alive today. Like her, there have been studies that show that if a human is not taught, then they will not be able to do anything. If they are not stimulated to learn, their brain will actually shrink and after a few years, they will never be able to achieve much. The one case I am referring to is about GENIE WILER. The family names have been changed to protect thier privacy but she was not taught for about 13 years. So, she could not walk, talk, eat, chew food, etc. She was hidden away by her abusive father. But one day, her mother took her with her to try and get help, because the mother was legally blind and she accidentally walked into a social services office. So, they saw that the girl could not walk right. She hopped like a bunny and she looked like she was about 6 years old, but was in fact 14 years old. So they reported the incident and this is how they found out. So in this case, KNOWLEDGE would be a very crucial component to why this wild child could not do normal things that humans are taught to do. So as humans, we have potential, but there are levels to how we express our power and believes, etc. Anyway, I will try to put some links her about that girl. Top 5 Facts About Feral Children https://www.watchmojo.com/articles/top-5-facts-about-feral-children GENE WILEY, the actual girl Gene Wiley, after she learned a few words So it could be viewed from this perspective in that action or power is the necessary component because it comes from another human. So again, I see that there are levels to which one would be considered the one to come first. Some may sse this as still being action first while other experts may see it as being knowledge first. It depends.

Are you serious!? @Pioneer1 I hope not! Who could do such a thing to animals. That is cruel. It sounds like things are really getting out of control. But why would the police say that and with that kind of intensity just for a triffic violation!? Something sounds wrong. Yes, @ProfD this is what I believe too. But I wonder if there is a conclusive reason for why this is NOW happening! I believe that one reason has to do with putting Obama in office but I don't believe that is the main reason. Weel said! @richardmurray

@richardmurray yes, I think that for some DOS, or perhaps a small minority, they have benefitted from certain movements and laws, however, for most we perceive that many events have not improved our quality of life at all, and in fact life has gotten much worse. However, in terms of understanding how certain historical events such as the American Revolution, have helped to further our cause to attain relief is important to recognise. By and by, more truths have surfaced and this does help. For instance, it becomes truth that the issue of chattel slaver was a main reason that led to the revolt, but then amazingly, the later Civil War became a major conflict that addressed this very issue! So, I believe that there were people on both sides of the conflict of the American Revolution, that did not agree with chattel slavery, but this issue was not able to surface at that time; but it did later! LOL! @Pioneer1 I can't believe that you don't know the full story! IT WAS PLANNED!!! The Late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and others of the NAACP got together and planned before they took action! Rose Parks was part of that plan! LOL! She was selected to be the one to make that protest on the bus. So, they planned for the event SHOULD SHE BE ARRESTED and to bail her out. Then afterwards, other planned events unfolded as well, such as they got together and designated drivers to pick people up and take them to their jobs and do shopping and errands and to NOT ride the bus. They almost shut the economy down! So therefore, Rose's action was planned, and it did INSPIRE people to take action. Therefore, kneeling in protest may have the same effect. Certainly, there are a lot of people in prison today who chose violence without a good reason and a good plan and so, they are inaffective in bringing about a change in violence against this recent violence.

I wonder if there is a conclusive answer(s) to why these incidences are happening. It seems to me that this type of violence is escalating.

IDK @Pioneer1 Just like when Rosa Parks refused to get up, I think that kneeling did make a statement. Alot of people all over the world weighed in when Colin Kapernick made that brave move. I even remember watching the half time show last year and I think it was Vanilla Ice, that made the statement on stage. As I had mentioned about the Regulators, even though they were persecuted,a lot of historians say that was a movement that tipped the scales that eventually started the war of Revolution. @richardmurray What you wrote is SO INTERESTING! Thank you!

The 4th of JULY 2023 Celebrations--Why Should We Celebrate? I wonder how many African Americans are observing this holiday. For me, I like to come to communities like this and search for other input and try to learn more about this amazing time period in history. So I will pose these questions: What are the main causes that led up to the American Revolution? And, What was the first colony to practice slavery? Some of the information presented today, I do not remember learning when I was young and in school. It was not until I went to college, that for the first time, I heard that one of the main causes was due to the PECULIAR INSTITUTION. But after that time when after I graduated, and due to the internet, there is so much more information offered about this critical historical time period. So now, I come to realize that ‘the CROWN’ began to pressure the AMERICANS to stop slavery! And so, this was hidden knowledge though and so, this is why I had a difficult time understanding the real reason behind the American Revolution. Therefore, I struggled over the terminologies and my report card reflected that I was not a great student in this subject back then! I had to use rote memory instead of merely being able to understand what the conflict was really about. It had to be big though, in my mind, because a lot of American men ran to the front lines and were willing to fight the British and die for what they believed. What I slightly remember being taught but now, have a better understanding was that THE CONTINENTAL ARMY formed under General George Washington due to the anger about taxation. The British government was being aggressive and demanding taxes from the Americans and so, the Americans were like ‘NO! You Brits are not going to turn us into slaves!” So then one of the tactics used by the Brits was that the Americans wanted to continue dominating over trade because of the advantage of having slaves, and therefore, the Brits use this tactic to try and continue to dominate over trade power. So therefore, this war became intense! It was many years before I learned that George Washington had slaves. Also, I had absolutely no idea what it really meant to be in a Colonial government. Now I can imagine the truth much better. Now, I can visualize that all throughout the Thirteen Colonies, especially in the New England ‘colonies’ States, there were British people living in America and they had homes, churches, and military bases, forts, built up! And, the communities were not scattered little houses across the countryside, however, many of them were well built homes, some brick, some plank boards, some multistoried, with well cultivated yards and communities that were surrounded and hidden behind well built up brick walls! I can imagine this now, how the British lived in their American colonies and for the first time, I can perceive their wealthy lifestyles. And the Americans were becoming a distinct body of people to whom the British people, living right here in America, became more dominant and were the men that enforced their government policies on the Americas. And so, the European Americans began to get puffed up, when they realized that the British became arrogant. This newfound knowledge I have acquired over the recent years and it is amazing me! Now I can better understand why the Regulators in North Carolina and South Carolina formed and became aggressive. I can relate the stories of my relatives that were from South Carolina to this time period with other facts such as a time when the Regulators took control of an Anglican church in the Carolinas! Now I can better understand some of the distinctions between the churches that the British set up versus the Protestants and etc. More importantly, I can see that some of this history was not part of our curriculum in such a way to understand. I believe that we have been conditioned to believe that chattel slavery was in the deep south and the movement to abolish slavery came from the north. However, what has not been commonly taught would be that slavery existed for hundreds of years in the New England colonies. What was the first state, ‘colony’ to practice slavery? Did you know that it was in the state of Rhode Island!? Yes, African victims were stolen from Africa much earlier than the A.D. 1600s and many of them were brought to be enslaved in Rhode Island and it was a very intense movement. The Triangle Trade was established in New England and shipyards were up there whereby lumber was brought there to construct vessels. There are books written by slaves in New England that are not common to us that reveal the horrors of those victims endured. Even though the history has always been available, however, it was not taught in a formal format so as to understand about slavery in New England. It only ended about a few years before the underground railroad was set up. Therefore, we are conditioned to think that slaves in the south always wanted to escape to the north to freedom, when that mindset did not become an option until hundreds of years later. So now, fast forward to this day, and yes, I can understand why many Afro-Americans celebrate the 4th of July as Independence day, even though at that time, the chattel slavery law, was the very issue for the Separation of Church and State. The crown pushed the issue of religion in the faces of the Americans about slavery, and they were like, ‘OKAY, SO WE WILL JUST DROP RELIGION THEN, and KEEP OUR SLAVES. WE WILL MAKE A CONSTITUTION AND INCLUDE THE STATEMENT THAT BLACKS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE TWO-THIRDS HUMAN, THEREFORE, WE HAVE THE RIGHT TO KEEP THEM AS SUB-HUMAN.’ So then, the Americans did not have to keep using their Slave Bibles after this. LOL. Yes, I do believe that this American Revolution is more about keeping slaves which ties into the issue of taxation and trade. The Brits tried to pull their 'trump card', so-to-speak after they decided that slavery was not going to benefit them in keeping control over the Americans. Americans were acting like naughty children who became selfish when they realized that they could be in control of their production and did not need the Brits anymore to be their leaders. [i.e. *Prophecy; The Eighth Beast came from the Seventh, however the severence was not a peaceful one, initially] Nevertheless, today, many Afro-Americans fought for our freedom from this law and today, they celebrate with other Americans such as many European Americans that also fought to abolish chattel slavery in the law books and being in practice. But, the trouble now would be that some form of slavery is still ongoing. Some of us Americans, whether we are African American or European American, etc. do not believe that slavery has been completely abolished at all. In fact, the constitution still allows for it. So, ultimately, this American system is still lingering on the very first works of the set up and establishment of slavery and therefore, its’ effects are still occurring in other forms and going under the guise of being acceptable under the law. At any rate, again, I can understand why many African Americans celebrate Independence Day. A side note; It is certainly eerie that two of the original signers of the Declaration of Independence died on July 4, about fifty years later. Lastly though, I look forward to sharing some ancient scripts about the prophecy of Daniel that does reveal what is happening today. The Fourth of July—also known as Independence Day or July 4th—has been a federal holiday in the United States since 1941, but the tradition of Independence Day celebrations goes back to the 18th century and the American Revolution. On July 2nd, 1776, the Continental Congress voted in favor of independence, and two days later delegates from the 13 colonies adopted the Declaration of Independence, a historic document drafted by Thomas Jefferson. https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/july-4th